路易·阿尔都塞
学校、教会和媒体悄悄地把我们塑造成接受社会秩序的主体——意识形态的运作方式，是在我们能够选择之前就向我们发出呼唤。
定位
结构主义的马克思主义：意识形态国家机器通过“质询”（interpellation）塑造主体。
核心思想
- 意识形态国家机器
- 质询（interpellation）
- 认识论断裂
老师: 加斯东·巴什拉
学生: 米歇尔·福柯, 雅克·德里达, 保兰·洪通吉, 苏莱曼·巴希尔·迪亚涅
影响
受影响于 6
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
受其影响 ✓
Althusser drew on Spinoza for his concept of structural causality and said of himself and his circle ‘we were Spinozists’ (Elements of Self-Criticism, 1974). L. Althusser, Lire le Capital (1965); Éléments d’autocritique (1974); SEP “Louis Althusser”
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
卡尔·马克思
受其影响 ✓
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations, claiming an ‘epistemological break’ around 1845 between the young Marx of alienation and the science of Capital (For Marx, 1965). L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
加斯东·巴什拉 师从
师从 ✓
Althusser obtained his diplôme d’études supérieures in 1947 for a study of content in Hegel’s thought directed by Bachelard; Bachelard’s idea of a break between ideological and scientific concepts later shaped his ‘epistemological break’ in Marx. SEP “Louis Althusser”; L. Althusser, “Du contenu dans la pensée de G. W. F. Hegel” (1947), in Écrits philosophiques et politiques I (1994)
依据: AI 草稿
加斯东·巴什拉 › 1884–1962
安东尼奥·葛兰西
受其影响 ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
安东尼奥·葛兰西 › 1891–1937
雅克·拉康
受其影响
Althusser took up Lacan’s return to Freud (‘Freud and Lacan’, 1964) and modelled ideology’s imaginary relation of individuals to their conditions on Lacan’s mirror stage (1970). L. Althusser, “Freud et Lacan”, La Nouvelle Critique (1964); “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
雅克·拉康 › 1901–1981
乔治·康吉莱姆
受其影响 ✓
Althusser cited Canguilhem, with Bachelard and Cavaillès, as a model for reading Marx’s science through its concepts and problematics rather than as a continuous progress (Reading Capital, 1965). L. Althusser et al., Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
乔治·康吉莱姆 › 1904–1995
影响了 7
米歇尔·福柯 教过
教过 ✓
Foucault was a student at the École normale supérieure when Althusser became its philosophy tutor (agrégé-répétiteur, ‘caïman’) in 1948 and prepared for the agrégation (1951) under him; under Althusser’s influence he joined the Communist Party in 1950 and left it in 1953. D. Eribon, Michel Foucault (1989); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
米歇尔·福柯 › 1926–1984
雅克·德里达 教过
尼科斯·普兰查斯
影响了 ✓
Poulantzas built on Althusser’s structural Marxism, treating the state as a relatively autonomous level of the social formation (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尼科斯·普兰查斯 › 1936–1979
保兰·洪通吉 教过
教过
When Hountondji entered the École normale supérieure in 1963, Althusser, then philosophy tutor (caïman), set him a 48-hour essay to decide whether he should prepare the agrégation in philosophy; Hountondji later linked his disappointment with Tempels’ Bantu Philosophy partly to Althusser’s warning against ideology. P. J. Hountondji, “My Experience with Paul Ricœur”, Études Ricœuriennes / Ricœur Studies 12:1 (2021), 50–59
依据: AI 草稿
保兰·洪通吉 › 1942–2024
斯拉沃热·齐泽克
影响了 ✓
Žižek took up Althusser’s theory of ideology as interpellation and material ritual, arguing that interpellation never fully succeeds (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970)
斯拉沃热·齐泽克 › 1949年生
苏莱曼·巴希尔·迪亚涅 教过
教过 ✓
Diagne trained at the École normale supérieure in the late 1970s (agrégation 1978); he recalls Althusser’s lectures there, among them one on the notion of beginning, applied to Marx. S. B. Diagne, interview with C. Fowler, In the Foreground (podcast, Clark Art Institute, 2021)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
苏莱曼·巴希尔·迪亚涅 › 1955年生
朱迪斯·巴特勒
影响了
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
朱迪斯·巴特勒 › 1956年生
批评
受批评于 2
莱谢克·科拉科夫斯基
受其批评
Kołakowski concluded that Althusser’s reading of Marx reduces to commonplaces in new verbal disguise, traditional Marxist tenets repeated without explanation, or wrong historical judgements (‘Althusser’s Marx’, 1971). L. Kołakowski, “Althusser’s Marx”, The Socialist Register 8 (1971), conclusion (quoted in P. Walker’s review, International Socialism 50, 1972); Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
依据: AI 草稿
莱谢克·科拉科夫斯基 › 1927–2009
斯图尔特·霍尔 影响了
影响了
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
依据: AI 草稿
斯图尔特·霍尔 › 1932–2014
批评了 1
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
批评了
Althusser denied that Marx merely inverted Hegel’s dialectic, contrasting Hegel’s simple contradiction and expressive totality with an overdetermined, structured whole (‘Contradiction and Overdetermination’, 1962). L. Althusser, “Contradiction et surdétermination” (1962), in Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
作品
- 1965保卫马克思
青年马克思与成熟马克思之间的认识论断裂。
- 1970意识形态和意识形态国家机器
“喂，说你呢！”——意识形态如何把个人质询为主体。
立场
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations. He claimed an “epistemological break” separates the young Marx, still speaking of alienation and human essence, from the mature scientific Marx of Capital. History, for him, is a “process without a subject”, structured by interlocking economic, political and ideological levels. His most influential idea concerns ideology: it is not simply false consciousness but material practices in schools, churches, family and media – the ideological state apparatuses. Ideology “interpellates” individuals as subjects, like a policeman calling “Hey, you there!”, and in turning around we become who we are supposed to be. This shaped structuralism, cultural studies and film theory.
生平与背景
Born in Algeria, Althusser spent most of the Second World War in a German prisoner-of-war camp. For decades he taught at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where Foucault, Derrida and Balibar were among those around him, and was a member of the French Communist Party. In 1980, in their flat at the École normale supérieure, he strangled his wife, the sociologist and former Resistance member Hélène Rytmann; on grounds of mental illness he was declared unfit to stand trial.
其他主要作品
- For Marx (1965)
- Reading Capital, with Balibar and others (1965)
- Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (1970)
- The Future Lasts Forever (1992)
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