迈蒙尼德
在迈蒙尼德看来，正确阅读时，妥拉与理性是一致的——而我们只能说上帝不是什么，而绝不能说他是什么。
定位
福斯塔特（开罗）的哲学家、法学家和医生，中世纪犹太哲学与律法的核心人物：他试图使《托拉》与亚里士多德式的理性相协调。
核心思想
- 否定神学
- 对经文的比喻性解读
- 创世与永恒皆不可证明
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响 ✓
Maimonides accepted Aristotle’s account of the sublunary world as demonstrated, but held his arguments for the world’s eternity to be inconclusive (Guide of the Perplexed, c. 1190). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed (c. 1190), tr. S. Pines (1963); SEP “Maimonides”
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
法拉比
受其影响 ✓
In his letter to the translator Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199) Maimonides advised studying logic only in al-Farabi’s works and praised all his writings as flawless. Maimonides, letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199), ed. I. Shailat, Iggerot ha-Rambam; S. Pines, “The Philosophic Sources of The Guide of the Perplexed” (1963); SEP “Maimonides”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
法拉比 › 约872–950年
伊本·西那（阿维森纳）
受其影响 ✓
Maimonides took over Avicenna’s distinction between necessary and possible existence for a proof of God and held that existence is an accident of essence (Guide, c. 1190). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed (c. 1190), tr. S. Pines (1963), with Pines’s introduction; SEP “Maimonides”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
伊本·西那（阿维森纳） › 980–1037
伊本·巴哲（阿文巴塞）
受其影响 ✓
Maimonides cited Ibn Bajja (Abu Bakr ibn al-Saigh) in the Guide on astronomy and the intellect, and in his letter to Ibn Tibbon praised him as a philosopher. Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed (c. 1190); letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199); S. Pines, “The Philosophic Sources of The Guide of the Perplexed” (1963)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
伊本·巴哲（阿文巴塞） › 约1085–1138年
影响了 5
托马斯·阿奎那
影响了 ✓
Aquinas engaged ‘Rabbi Moses’ on the divine names (Summa theologiae I q. 13) and agreed with him that the world’s beginning cannot be demonstrated (I q. 46). Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 13 a. 2, q. 46 aa. 1–2; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.51–60, II.13–25; SEP “Maimonides”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
托马斯·阿奎那 › 约1225–1274年
埃克哈特大师
影响了
Eckhart often cited ‘Rabbi Moses’ in his Latin works, taking up Maimonides’ negative theology of divine names, notably in his commentary on Exodus. Meister Eckhart, Expositio libri Exodi; SEP “Meister Eckhart”; SEP “Maimonides”
依据: AI 草稿
埃克哈特大师 › 约1260–1328年
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
影响了 ✓
Leibniz excerpted and annotated Buxtorf’s Latin translation of Maimonides’ Guide, remarking that it was more philosophical than he had expected, and cited its reckoning of good and evil (Guide III.12) in the Theodicy (1710, §§262–263). Leibniz, notes on Doctor perplexorum (between 1677 and 1691), A VI 4, 2484–2497; Theodicy (1710), §§262–263; L. Strickland, Leibniz’ Anthology of Maimonides’ Guide (2022)
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
摩西·门德尔松
影响了
Mendelssohn studied Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed from his youth and wrote a Hebrew commentary on Maimonides’ Treatise on Logic (Be’ur Millot ha-Higgayon, 1761). M. Mendelssohn, Be’ur Millot ha-Higgayon (1761); A. Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study (1973); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
依据: AI 草稿
摩西·门德尔松 › 1729–1786
赫尔曼·科恩
影响了
Cohen read Maimonides as the rationalist of Jewish ethics (‘Characteristics of Maimonides’ Ethics’, 1908) and drew on him throughout Religion of Reason (1919). H. Cohen, “Charakteristik der Ethik Maimunis”, in W. Bacher et al. (eds.), Moses ben Maimon I (1908); Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums (1919); SEP “Hermann Cohen”
依据: AI 草稿
赫尔曼·科恩 › 1842–1918
批评
受批评于 3
热尔松尼德斯（列维·本·格尔松） 影响了
影响了
Gersonides took up questions Maimonides had placed beyond demonstration, such as creation and God’s knowledge of particulars, and argued them philosophically (The Wars of the Lord, 1329). Gersonides, Milhamot ha-Shem (1329); SEP “Gersonides”
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Gersonides rejected Maimonides’ view that terms said of God and creatures are wholly equivocal: they apply first to God, derivatively to creatures (Wars of the Lord III.3). Gersonides, Milḥamot ha-Shem (1329) III.3; SEP “Gersonides”
依据: AI 草稿
热尔松尼德斯（列维·本·格尔松） › 1288–1344
哈斯代·克雷斯卡斯
受其批评
Crescas held against Maimonides’ intellectualism that the soul’s end is the love of God rather than knowledge, and criticised his Aristotelian proofs of God (Or Adonai, 1410). Ḥasdai Crescas, Or Adonai (1410) I–II; SEP “Hasdai Crescas”
依据: AI 草稿
哈斯代·克雷斯卡斯 › 约1340–1411年
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 影响了
影响了 ✓
Spinoza knew Maimonides’ Guide closely; H. A. Wolfson (1934) traced much of the Ethics’ vocabulary of God and the intellect to it and other medieval Jewish sources. H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza (1934); SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
受其批评
Spinoza rejected Maimonides’ rule that Scripture must be read allegorically wherever it conflicts with reason, which bent the Bible to Aristotle (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670, ch. 7). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), ch. 7; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed II.25; SEP “Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise”
依据: AI 草稿
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
批评了 3
艾萨克·伊斯雷利
批评了
Maimonides wrote to his translator Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199) that Isaac Israeli’s Book of Definitions and Book of Elements were idle fancies, since Isaac had been only a physician. Maimonides, letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199), ed. A. Marx, JQR 25 (1935); Altmann and Stern 1958, introduction
依据: AI 草稿
艾萨克·伊斯雷利 › 约855–955年
阿什阿里
批评了
Maimonides criticised the premises of the Asharite mutakallimun – atoms, accidents re-created at every instant, anything imaginable as possible – as distorting nature (Guide I.71–76). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.71–76, tr. S. Pines, 1963; SEP “Maimonides”
依据: AI 草稿
阿什阿里 › 约874–936年
萨阿迪亚·加昂
批评了
Maimonides criticised the Geonim who took over the Kalam proofs of creation – a group usually taken to include Saadia, whom he does not name (Guide I.71). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.71; H. A. Davidson, Proofs for Eternity, Creation and the Existence of God, 1987
依据: AI 草稿
萨阿迪亚·加昂 › 882–942
作品
- 约1190年迷途指津
用犹太—阿拉伯语写给一位因《托拉》的字面意义与哲学相冲突而困惑的学生：经文应当以比喻的方式解读，神只能以否定的方式描述；至于世界是永恒的，亚里士多德并没有证明。
立场
Maimonides wrote his Guide for the Perplexed for readers torn between the Torah and Aristotelian philosophy. He showed that biblical language about God – that he sits, sees or is angry – must be read figuratively. Of God we can say only what he is not: his negative theology holds that every positive attribute would limit the one God. On whether the world is eternal, he argued that neither side can be strictly proven and chose creation, which leaves room for a free God and for miracles. His codification of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah, remains authoritative, and his philosophy influenced Aquinas, Spinoza and Jewish thought to this day.
生平与背景
Moses ben Maimon was born in Córdoba in 1138. Fleeing Almohad persecution, his family moved through Spain and North Africa before settling around 1166 in Fustat near Cairo. There he became the leader of the Jewish community and a physician at the court of Saladin’s vizier, while writing major works of law and philosophy. He died in 1204.
其他主要作品
- Commentary on the Mishnah (1168)
- Mishneh Torah (c. 1180)
- The Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘亚里士多德的旅程’ · 第 7 站，共 9 站
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