米格尔·德·乌纳穆诺

作品

• 1913生命的悲剧意识

  认为有血有肉的人渴望不死，理性无法为这一希望辩护，信仰也无法放弃它，人必须在这种冲突中生活。

• 1914迷雾

  一部“尼伏拉”（nivola），主人公奥古斯托·佩雷斯最后去拜访他的作者乌纳穆诺，为自己的存在争辩——一部关于自由、虚构与自我之实在的小说。

立场

Unamuno is on the map as a thinker of the conflict between reason and the longing for immortality. “The Tragic Sense of Life” starts not from humanity in the abstract but from “the man of flesh and bone”, who does not want to die. Unamuno links this hunger for immortality with Spinoza’s conatus, reads Pascal and Kierkegaard, whom he studied in Danish, as kindred spirits, and holds that faith lives only together with doubt, as “agony” in the original sense of struggle. He pursued the same questions in novels he called “nivolas”, in poems and in essays, often in deliberate contradiction with himself, and is often counted among the forerunners of existentialism. In 1909 Ortega y Gasset attacked his scepticism towards a Europeanisation of Spain through modern science; María Zambrano wrote a book on him in 1940 (published 2003). Politically he moved from early socialism to opposition against the monarchy and the dictatorship and, in July 1936, to support for the military uprising; on 12 October he clashed publicly with General Millán-Astray. The sentence “You will win, but you will not convince” is known only from later accounts, above all Luis Portillo’s “Unamuno’s Last Lecture” (1941), whose author was not present; its wording and the course of the scene are disputed in recent research (Severiano Delgado; Colette and Jean-Claude Rabaté).

生平与背景

Miguel de Unamuno was born on 29 September 1864 in Bilbao. He studied philosophy and letters in Madrid and took his doctorate there in 1884. In 1891 he won the chair of Greek at the University of Salamanca, to which he remained attached for the rest of his life, and in the same year married Concepción Lizárraga. In the mid-1890s he belonged for a few years to the Socialist party; a religious crisis in 1897 turned him towards the questions that dominate his work. He was rector of the university from 1900 until his dismissal in 1914. His attacks on King Alfonso XIII and the dictator Primo de Rivera led in 1924 to his banishment to Fuerteventura; later that year he went to France and lived in Paris and Hendaye until the dictatorship fell in 1930. Under the Republic he sat in the Constituent Cortes in 1931 and became rector again; on his retirement in 1934 he was named rector for life. In July 1936 he publicly supported the military uprising; the Republican government removed him as rector, and the Junta in Burgos reinstated him. After a confrontation with General José Millán-Astray in the main hall of the university on 12 October 1936 he was removed again and placed under de facto house arrest. He died in Salamanca on 31 December 1936.

其他主要作品

• The Life of Don Quixote and Sancho (Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho, 1905)
• The Tragic Sense of Life (Del sentimiento trágico de la vida en los hombres y en los pueblos, 1913)
• Mist (Niebla, 1914)
• The Agony of Christianity (L’agonie du christianisme, 1925; Spanish 1931)
• Saint Manuel the Good, Martyr (San Manuel Bueno, mártir, 1931)