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弗里德里希·荷尔德林

1770–1843

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在每一个把主体与客体分开的判断之前，有一种原初的存在的统一，只有诗还能够接近它。

定位

德国唯心主义及其后继者 · 西欧 · 美学, 形而上学

诗人兼哲学家；在图宾根与黑格尔和谢林同室。《判断与存在》批判了费希特。

核心思想

  • 判断与存在
  • 诗意地栖居

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影响

受影响于 3

  • 柏拉图

    受其影响

    In Hyperion (1797–99) Hölderlin named the beloved after Diotima in Plato’s Symposium and, in a Platonic vein, made beauty the visible sign of the unity of all being. F. Hölderlin, Hyperion oder der Eremit in Griechenland (1797–99); Plato, Symposium

    依据: AI 草稿

    柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年

  • 巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎

    受其影响

    In Tübingen Hölderlin made excerpts from Jacobi’s Letters on Spinoza (c. 1790–91), and ‘hen kai pan’, one and all, became a watchword he shared with Hegel. F. Hölderlin, excerpts from F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen (c. 1790–91); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)

    依据: AI 草稿

    巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677

  • 伊曼努尔·康德

    受其影响

    Hölderlin studied Kant from his Tübingen years and, writing to his brother (1799), called him ‘the Moses of our nation’, leading it out of Egyptian slackness. F. Hölderlin, letter to his brother Karl Gok, 1 Jan. 1799

    依据: AI 草稿

    伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804

影响了 4

  • 格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔

    影响了

    In Frankfurt (1797–1800) Hegel took up Hölderlin’s philosophy of unification, which shaped his early concepts of love and life, as D. Henrich has argued. D. Henrich, “Hegel und Hölderlin” (1970), in Hegel im Kontext (1971); G. W. F. Hegel, Der Geist des Christentums und sein Schicksal (1798–1800)

    依据: AI 草稿

    格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831

  • 弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林

    影响了 ✓

    Hölderlin’s share in Schelling’s turn is debated; D. Henrich reads ‘Urtheil und Seyn’ (1795), which puts Being before subject and object, as a step towards Schelling’s identity philosophy. F. Hölderlin, “Urtheil und Seyn” (1795); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林 › 1775–1854

  • 弗里德里希·尼采

    影响了 ✓

    As a pupil at Schulpforta Nietzsche wrote an essay recommending Hölderlin to a friend as his favourite poet (1861), at a time when Hölderlin was little read. F. Nietzsche, “Brief an meinen Freund, in dem ich ihm meinen Lieblingsdichter zum Lesen empfehle” (1861)

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900

  • 马丁·海德格尔

    影响了

    Beginning with lectures on ‘Germanien’ and ‘Der Rhein’ (1934–35), Heidegger read Hölderlin as the poet of poetry’s essence and of the gods’ absence (Erläuterungen zu Hölderlins Dichtung, 1944). M. Heidegger, Hölderlins Hymnen “Germanien” und “Der Rhein” (lectures 1934–35; publ. 1980); “Hölderlin und das Wesen der Dichtung” (1936); Erläuterungen zu Hölderlins Dichtung (1944)

    依据: AI 草稿

    马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976

批评

批评了 1

  • 约翰·哥特利布·费希特 受其影响

    受其影响

    Hölderlin heard Fichte’s lectures in Jena in the winter of 1794–95 and studied the Wissenschaftslehre closely; his own philosophical sketches start from its problem of the absolute I. J. G. Fichte, Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre (1794); F. Hölderlin, letters from Jena (1794–95); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)

    依据: AI 草稿

    批评了

    Hölderlin objected that Fichte’s absolute I, lacking any object, could have no consciousness, and placed Being before the division of subject and object (‘Urtheil und Seyn’, 1795). F. Hölderlin, “Urtheil und Seyn” (1795); letter to Hegel, 26 Jan. 1795; D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·哥特利布·费希特 › 1762–1814

作品

  • 约1795年判断与存在

    存在先于主体与客体的任何分离——反对费希特的自我。

立场

Though best known as a poet, Hölderlin made a decisive philosophical move in his short fragment “Judgment and Being”. Against Fichte he argued that the self-conscious “I” cannot be the first principle, since self-consciousness already splits subject and object. Before every such division lies “Being” as an original unity, which we can never grasp in a judgment but only intimate – above all in poetry and beauty. This idea fed into Schelling’s and Hegel’s turn beyond Fichte. His late hymns, with their meditation on the absence of the gods and on “dwelling poetically”, later became central for Heidegger.

生平与背景

Hölderlin studied theology at the Tübingen seminary, sharing a room and ideas with Hegel and Schelling, and heard Fichte in Jena. He earned his living as a private tutor; in Frankfurt his love for Susette Gontard became the “Diotima” of his work. From 1806 he lived, mentally ill, for 36 years in a tower room in Tübingen in the care of a carpenter’s family.

其他主要作品

  • Judgment and Being (1795)
  • Hyperion, or the Hermit in Greece (1797–1799)
  • The Death of Empedocles, fragments (1797–1800)
  • Late hymns, e.g. “Patmos” (1803)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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