路德维希·费尔巴哈
上帝是一种投射：人把自己最好的品质放进天上并加以崇拜——所以神学实际上是关于人的。
定位
黑格尔左派，其宗教批判成为马克思的一个出发点：宗教是人的本质的投射——神学就是人类学。
核心思想
- 投射理论
- 人本学唯物主义
影响
受影响于 1
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
受其影响 ✓
In Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) Feuerbach read Spinoza’s identification of God and nature as a step from theism towards materialism, likening him to Moses. L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843); Geschichte der neuern Philosophie von Bacon von Verulam bis Benedict Spinoza (1833); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
影响了 4
米哈伊尔·巴枯宁
影响了 ✓
Bakunin took up Feuerbach’s critique of religion as the projection of human qualities onto God and turned it against the state (God and the State, 1882). M. Bakunin, Dieu et l’État (written 1871, publ. 1882); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Theory of Anarchism (2002)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
米哈伊尔·巴枯宁 › 1814–1876
弗里德里希·恩格斯
影响了 ✓
Engels recalled that Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity (1841) made ‘us all’ Feuerbachians at once and restored materialism against Hegel’s system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886); L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (1841); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
弗里德里希·恩格斯 › 1820–1895
尼古拉·车尔尼雪夫斯基
影响了
In The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy (1860) Chernyshevsky followed Feuerbach in treating the human being as a single natural organism, against any dualism of body and soul. N. Chernyshevsky, Antropologičeskij princip v filosofii (1860); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought (1979)
依据: AI 草稿
尼古拉·车尔尼雪夫斯基 › 1828–1889
马丁·布伯
影响了
Buber credited Feuerbach’s Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) with discovering the Thou (What Is Man?, 1938), a source of his dialogical thought. M. Buber, What Is Man? (lectures 1938), in Between Man and Man (1947); L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843); SEP “Martin Buber”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
马丁·布伯 › 1878–1965
批评
受批评于 2
马克斯·施蒂纳
受其批评
Stirner charged that Feuerbach had merely replaced God with ‘Man’, another sacred spook set above the individual (The Ego and Its Own, 1844). M. Stirner, Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (1844), Part I; SEP “Max Stirner”
依据: AI 草稿
马克斯·施蒂纳 › 1806–1856
卡尔·马克思 影响了
影响了 ✓
Marx turned Feuerbach’s inversion of subject and predicate against Hegel’s theory of the state (1843) and adopted his ‘species-being’ in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844). K. Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie (written 1843, printed 1927); Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); SEP “Karl Marx”
受其批评
Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach (1845) objected that Feuerbach grasps reality only as an object of contemplation, not as practice, and abstracts human essence from social relations. K. Marx, Thesen über Feuerbach (1845; publ. by Engels 1888), Theses I and VI; SEP “Karl Marx”
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
批评了 1
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 师从
师从 ✓
Feuerbach moved to Berlin in 1824, nominally to study theology with Schleiermacher and Neander but in fact drawn by Hegel, whose lectures he heard for two years; in 1828 he sent Hegel his Erlangen dissertation with a covering letter. SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”; L. Feuerbach to G. W. F. Hegel, 22 Nov. 1828
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Feuerbach called Hegel’s speculative philosophy the last rational support of theology, inverting subject and predicate by making thought rather than sensuous being primary (Vorläufige Thesen, 1842). L. Feuerbach, Vorläufige Thesen zur Reformation der Philosophie (1842); Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Philosophie (1839); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
作品
- 1841基督教的本质
上帝是人类本质的投射。
立场
Feuerbach turned theology into anthropology. In The Essence of Christianity he argued that God is nothing but humanity’s own essence – reason, love, will – projected outward and worshipped as a separate being. Religion therefore alienates people from themselves: the richer God becomes, the poorer humanity. The task is to take these qualities back and recognise them as human, so that love of humanity replaces love of God. Against Hegel’s abstract spirit he insisted on the sensuous, bodily, real human being. This critique directly inspired Marx and Engels, who wanted to extend it from religion to society, and later influenced Freud.
生平与背景
Feuerbach studied theology in Heidelberg before turning to philosophy under Hegel in Berlin. An anonymous early work questioning personal immortality ended his academic career. He lived for decades as a private scholar in rural Bruckberg in Franconia, became one of the leading Young Hegelians, and spent his last years in poverty near Nuremberg.
其他主要作品
- Thoughts on Death and Immortality (1830)
- The Essence of Christianity (1841)
- Provisional Theses for the Reformation of Philosophy (1843)
- Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘黑格尔的继承者’ · 第 3 站，共 10 站
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