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摩西·门德尔松

1729–1786

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

犹太教启示的是律法，而不是教义——它的真理是向所有人敞开的理性真理；国家无权干预信仰事务，而每个人都必须能够自由地遵从自己的良心。

定位

经验主义、启蒙运动与自由主义 · 西欧 · 宗教, 形而上学, 政治与法, 美学

“德国的苏格拉底”：启蒙哲学家，犹太启蒙运动（哈斯卡拉）的领军人物，主张良心自由以及国家与宗教的分离。

核心思想

  • 良心自由
  • 灵魂不朽
  • 犹太教作为启示的律法，而非启示的教义

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影响

受影响于 5

  • 柏拉图

    受其影响

    Mendelssohn’s Phaedon (1767) recast Plato’s dialogue on the immortality of the soul, keeping its setting but replacing its arguments with proofs from modern metaphysics. M. Mendelssohn, Phädon oder über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele (1767); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: AI 草稿

    柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年

  • 迈蒙尼德

    受其影响

    Mendelssohn studied Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed from his youth and wrote a Hebrew commentary on Maimonides’ Treatise on Logic (Be’ur Millot ha-Higgayon, 1761). M. Mendelssohn, Be’ur Millot ha-Higgayon (1761); A. Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study (1973); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: AI 草稿

    迈蒙尼德 › 1138–1204

  • 约翰·洛克

    受其影响 ✓

    In Jerusalem (1783) Mendelssohn took up Locke’s distinction between state and church from the Letter concerning Toleration (1689), arguing that neither may coerce belief. M. Mendelssohn, Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judentum (1783); J. Locke, Epistola de tolerantia (1689); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704

  • 戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨

    受其影响 ✓

    Mendelssohn defended Leibniz’s metaphysics; in Pope a Metaphysician! (1755, with Lessing) he set Leibniz’s optimism apart from the poetic optimism of Pope’s Essay on Man. M. Mendelssohn and G. E. Lessing, Pope ein Metaphysiker! (1755); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716

  • 克里斯蒂安·沃尔夫

    受其影响

    Mendelssohn worked within Wolff’s school metaphysics, as in his Berlin prize essay On Evidence in Metaphysical Sciences (1763) and the proofs of God in Morning Hours (1785). M. Mendelssohn, Abhandlung über die Evidenz in metaphysischen Wissenschaften (1763, printed 1764); Morgenstunden (1785); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: AI 草稿

    克里斯蒂安·沃尔夫 › 1679–1754

批评

受批评于 2

  • 伊曼努尔·康德

    受其批评

    Kant rejected Mendelssohn’s proof of the soul’s immortality in Phaedon (1767): a simple soul could still fade away by degrees of intensity (Critique of Pure Reason, B 413–415). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1787), B 413–415 (“Refutation of Mendelssohn’s Proof of the Permanence of the Soul”); M. Mendelssohn, Phädon (1767)

    依据: AI 草稿

    伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804

  • 弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比

    受其批评

    Jacobi revealed to Mendelssohn Lessing’s avowal of Spinozism and argued against Mendelssohn’s rational theism that demonstration ends in fatalism, escaped only by a leap of faith (1785). F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”

    依据: AI 草稿

    弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比 › 1743–1819

批评了 1

  • 巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 受其影响

    受其影响 ✓

    In his Philosophical Dialogues (1755) Mendelssohn praised Spinoza as a forerunner of Leibniz, arguing that Leibniz had found pre-established harmony in his work. M. Mendelssohn, Philosophische Gespräche (1755); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    批评了

    In Morning Hours (1785) Mendelssohn rejected Spinoza’s pantheism but argued that a ‘purified pantheism’ differs from theism in no point that matters for religion and morals. M. Mendelssohn, Morgenstunden (1785), Lectures XIII–XIV; SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”

    依据: AI 草稿

    巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677

作品

立场

Mendelssohn defended a rational metaphysics in the tradition of Leibniz and Wolff. His Phaedon renewed Plato’s arguments for the immortality of the soul and made him famous across Europe, and in 1763 he won the Prussian Academy’s prize ahead of Kant. In Jerusalem he argued that the state may regulate actions but never convictions, and that no church may compel belief. Judaism, he held, is not a revealed doctrine but a revealed law; its truths are those of reason, open to everyone. He translated the Torah into German and became a leading figure of Jewish emancipation; his last years were overshadowed by the pantheism controversy with Jacobi.

生平与背景

Moses Mendelssohn was born in 1729 in Dessau, the son of a Torah scribe, and followed his teacher to Berlin at fourteen. Largely self-taught in German, Latin and philosophy, he earned his living as a tutor and then in a silk factory, later as its partner. His friendship with Lessing, who drew on him for Nathan the Wise, opened the Enlightenment to him. He died in Berlin in 1786.

其他主要作品

  • Philosophical Dialogues (1755)
  • Phaedon, or On the Immortality of the Soul (1767)
  • Jerusalem, or On Religious Power and Judaism (1783)
  • Morning Hours (1785)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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