约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德
每个民族和每个时代都有自己的语言、文化和价值，没有哪一个应当用另一个的标准来评判。
定位
语言、文化与历史：每个时代、每个民族都有自己的价值。
核心思想
- 语言的起源
- 人道
- 文化的多样性
老师: 伊曼努尔·康德
影响
受影响于 3
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
受其影响 ✓
In God: Some Conversations (1787) Herder defended Spinoza against Jacobi’s charge of atheism, reinterpreting his substance as the primal force active in all things. J. G. Herder, Gott. Einige Gespräche (1787); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
受其影响 ✓
Herder took over Leibniz’s concept of living force and his doctrine of obscure perceptions, on which On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul (1778) builds. J. G. Herder, Vom Erkennen und Empfinden der menschlichen Seele (1778); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
让-雅克·卢梭
受其影响
In his Journal of My Voyage in 1769 Herder sketched Rousseauian plans of education, and his Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772) argued with Rousseau’s Second Discourse. J. G. Herder, Journal meiner Reise im Jahr 1769 (publ. 1846); Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (1772); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
依据: AI 草稿
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
影响了 4
弗里德里希·施莱格尔
影响了
Schlegel reviewed the seventh and eighth collections of Herder’s Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (1796), engaging with Herder’s historical view of ancient and modern poetry. F. Schlegel, review of J. G. Herder, Briefe zu Beförderung der Humanität, seventh and eighth collections (1796), in Kritische Friedrich-Schlegel-Ausgabe II; SEP “Friedrich Schlegel”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·施莱格尔 › 1772–1829
恩斯特·卡西尔
影响了
Cassirer read Herder’s theory of the origin of language from reflection (Besonnenheit) as a forerunner of his philosophy of symbolic forms (Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I, 1923). E. Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I: Die Sprache (1923); Die Philosophie der Aufklärung (1932); J. G. Herder, Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (1772); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
恩斯特·卡西尔 › 1874–1945
以赛亚·伯林
影响了
Berlin read Herder as a founder of cultural pluralism and expressionism, for whom each culture has its own centre of gravity (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); Three Critics of the Enlightenment (2000)
依据: AI 草稿
以赛亚·伯林 › 1909–1997
查尔斯·泰勒
影响了
Taylor took from Herder the expressive-constitutive view of language, setting a ‘Hamann-Herder-Humboldt’ theory against designative theories of meaning (The Language Animal, 2016). C. Taylor, The Language Animal (2016); “The Importance of Herder”, in E. and A. Margalit (eds.), Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration (1991)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·泰勒 › 1931年生
批评
批评了 1
伊曼努尔·康德 师从
师从 ✓
Herder studied at Königsberg from 1762 to 1764 and attended Kant’s lectures, among them those on metaphysics and moral philosophy; Kant gave him special privileges, and Herder’s notes on the metaphysics and ethics lectures are printed in the Academy edition. SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”; Kant, Gesammelte Schriften (Akademie-Ausgabe), vols. 27–28 (Herder’s lecture notes)
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Herder rejected dividing humanity into races, seeing only shades of one species (Ideas II, 1785), and in his Metacritique (1799) attacked Kant’s split of sensibility and understanding. J. G. Herder, Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit II (1785), book 7, ch. 1; Verstand und Erfahrung. Eine Metakritik zur Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1799); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
作品
- 1772论语言的起源
语言是人类的发明，源于反思。
- 1799对纯粹理性批判的元批判
没有语言就没有理性——反对康德的纯粹形式。
立场
Herder argued that reason is never pure: it lives in language, and language grows out of the life of a people. Against the idea of a divine origin of speech he showed that humans create language from their own reflective awareness. Each culture, he held, has its own centre of gravity and must be understood from within rather than measured against a single standard such as Enlightenment Paris. History thus becomes a plural process of growth aimed at “humanity”. These ideas shaped Romanticism, historicism and hermeneutics, and anticipated modern linguistics and anthropology – though his notion of a people’s spirit was later misused by nationalists.
生平与背景
Born in Mohrungen in East Prussia, Herder studied in Königsberg, where he heard Kant and befriended Johann Georg Hamann. After years as a preacher and teacher in Riga and a formative meeting with the young Goethe in Strasbourg, he spent most of his life in Weimar as the leading churchman of the duchy, at the heart of German classicism.
其他主要作品
- Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772)
- This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity (1774)
- Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity (1784–1791)
- Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (1793–1797)
- Metacritique of the Critique of Pure Reason (1799)
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