弗朗茨·布伦塔诺
心灵的标志是每一个心理行为都指向某物——你总是在思考、想要或害怕某个东西。
定位
意向性：每一个心理行为都指向一个对象——这把心理现象与物理现象区别开来。
核心思想
- 意向性
- 描述心理学
老师: 弗里德里希·阿道夫·特兰德伦堡
学生: 托马斯·加里格·马萨里克, 阿列克修斯·迈农, 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德, 埃德蒙德·胡塞尔, 克里斯蒂安·冯·埃伦费尔斯, 卡齐米日·特瓦尔多夫斯基
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响
Brentano began with Aristotle: his dissertation on the manifold senses of being (1862) and Die Psychologie des Aristoteles (1867) prepared his descriptive psychology of intentional acts. F. Brentano, Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (1862); Die Psychologie des Aristoteles (1867); SEP “Franz Brentano”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
托马斯·阿奎那
受其影响
Brentano introduced intentional inexistence in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874) with reference to the Scholastics, citing Aquinas’s view that the thing thought is intentionally in the thinker. F. Brentano, Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (1874); SEP “Franz Brentano”; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·阿奎那 › 约1225–1274年
奥古斯特·孔德
受其影响
Brentano shared Comte’s demand that philosophy use the method of natural science (‘Auguste Comte und die positive Philosophie’, 1869), but defended inner perception against him (1874). F. Brentano, “Auguste Comte und die positive Philosophie” (1869), in Die vier Phasen der Philosophie (1926); Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (1874); SEP “Franz Brentano”
依据: AI 草稿
奥古斯特·孔德 › 1798–1857
弗里德里希·阿道夫·特兰德伦堡 师从
师从 ✓
Brentano studied Aristotle with Trendelenburg in Berlin. SEP “Franz Brentano” (W. Huemer), §1
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
弗里德里希·阿道夫·特兰德伦堡 › 1802–1872
影响了 7
托马斯·加里格·马萨里克 教过
教过 ✓
Masaryk studied at the University of Vienna from 1872 to 1876, at first with Robert Zimmermann and Theodor Gomperz and from his fourth semester also with Brentano; he took his doctorate in 1876 with Das Wesen der Seele bei Plato and habilitated in 1879 with his study of suicide (printed 1881). R. Wellek, “Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937)”, in P. Edwards (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967); Office of the President of the Czech Republic, “T. G. Masaryk – Life and Works in Dates” (hrad.cz)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
托马斯·加里格·马萨里克 › 1850–1937
阿列克修斯·迈农 教过
教过 ✓
Meinong turned from history to philosophy under Brentano in Vienna (1875–78), who directed him to Hume; he habilitated there in 1878 with a study of Hume’s nominalism (Hume-Studien I, 1877). SEP “Alexius Meinong”; A. Meinong, “Selbstdarstellung” (1921)
阿列克修斯·迈农 › 1853–1920
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 教过
教过 ✓
As a medical student Freud attended five of Brentano’s lecture courses and seminars in Vienna (1874–76), the only philosophy he studied; his letters to Eduard Silberstein report personal visits to Brentano. S. Freud, Jugendbriefe an Eduard Silberstein 1871–1881, ed. W. Boehlich (1989); P. Merlan, “Brentano and Freud”, Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1945)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
克里斯蒂安·冯·埃伦费尔斯 教过
教过 ✓
Ehrenfels attended Brentano’s lectures in Vienna and studied with Meinong, whom he followed to Graz for his doctorate (1885); he habilitated in Vienna in 1888. B. Smith, Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano (1994)
克里斯蒂安·冯·埃伦费尔斯 › 1859–1932
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 教过
教过 ✓
After his doctorate in mathematics, Husserl attended Brentano’s lectures in Vienna from 1884 to 1886, which decided him for philosophy; Brentano recommended him to his pupil Carl Stumpf in Halle, where Husserl habilitated (1887). SEP “Edmund Husserl”; E. Husserl, “Erinnerungen an Franz Brentano”, in O. Kraus, Franz Brentano (1919)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
卡齐米日·特瓦尔多夫斯基 教过
教过 ✓
Twardowski enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1885 and from the following year studied with Brentano; since Brentano had resigned his chair, his official doctoral supervisor (1891, on Descartes) was Robert Zimmermann. SEP “Kazimierz Twardowski”
卡齐米日·特瓦尔多夫斯基 › 1866–1938
马丁·海德格尔
影响了 ✓
Heidegger said Brentano’s dissertation on the senses of being in Aristotle (1862), read from 1907, set him the question of being (‘Mein Weg in die Phänomenologie’, 1963). M. Heidegger, “Mein Weg in die Phänomenologie” (1963), in Zur Sache des Denkens (1969); F. Brentano, Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (1862); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976
作品
- 1874从经验立场看的心理学
意向性是心理之物的标志。
立场
Brentano wanted to make psychology a rigorous science based on careful description of experience. His decisive insight was that every mental act is directed at something: in perceiving something is perceived, in loving something is loved, in judging something is affirmed or denied. This “intentional inexistence” of an object, he argued, is the mark that distinguishes the mental from the physical. He also developed a theory of judgment and an ethics grounded in correct love and hatred. Through his students the concept of intentionality became the starting point of phenomenology, and it remains central in today’s philosophy of mind.
生平与背景
Brentano, a nephew of the poet Clemens Brentano, was ordained a Catholic priest but left the priesthood in protest against the dogma of papal infallibility. He taught in Würzburg and from 1874 in Vienna, where his students included Husserl, Meinong and Twardowski, and Freud attended his lectures. Having lost his chair after marrying, he spent his last decades in Florence and Zurich.
其他主要作品
- On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle (1862)
- Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874)
- The Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong (1889)
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