布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基
在马林诺夫斯基看来，要理解一个民族，就必须生活在他们中间，说他们的语言，把握他们的观点；每一种习俗都显现为一个满足人类需要的运转整体的一部分，而在实用知识无法掌控偶然与危险的地方，巫术便发挥作用。
定位
在伦敦任教的波兰裔英国人类学家，他在特罗布里恩群岛的长期田野工作使参与观察成为民族志的典范；在他看来，库拉交换、巫术或法律等制度，要从它们在整个文化中所满足的需要来解释。
核心思想
- 参与观察
- 库拉圈
- 文化是对需要的回应
- 在知识的边界处求助巫术
老师: 爱德华·韦斯特马克
学生: 爱德华·埃文思-普里查德, 费孝通
影响
受影响于 2
恩斯特·马赫
受其影响
Malinowski’s dissertation On the Principle of the Economy of Thought (Kraków, 1906) critically examined Mach’s empiriocriticism, which scholars such as Gellner link to his later functionalism. B. Malinowski, “O zasadzie ekonomii myślenia” (diss., Kraków, 1906), in R. J. Thornton and P. Skalník (eds.), The Early Writings of Bronisław Malinowski (1993); E. Gellner, “Zeno of Cracow” (1987); SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
恩斯特·马赫 › 1838–1916
爱德华·韦斯特马克 师从
师从
Malinowski came to the London School of Economics in 1910 to study with Westermarck and C. G. Seligman; there he wrote The Family among the Australian Aborigines (1913), and he took his DSc in 1916. M. W. Young, Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist, 1884–1920 (2004)
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·韦斯特马克 › 1862–1939
影响了 5
马塞尔·莫斯
影响了
Mauss built his comparison of gift exchange on Malinowski’s kula ring (Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922), reading it as total prestation (Essai sur le don, 1925). M. Mauss, “Essai sur le don”, L’Année sociologique, new series 1 (1923–24, published 1925); B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
依据: AI 草稿
马塞尔·莫斯 › 1872–1950
卡尔·波兰尼
影响了
Polanyi used Malinowski’s Trobriand ethnography to show that economies can rest on reciprocity and redistribution rather than market exchange (The Great Transformation, 1944). K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944), “Societies and Economic Systems”; B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·波兰尼 › 1886–1964
爱德华·埃文思-普里查德 教过
教过 ✓
Evans-Pritchard studied at the London School of Economics (1923–27), where he attended Malinowski’s seminar, but his doctorate was supervised by C. G. Seligman; relations with Malinowski soon turned hostile. M. Douglas, Evans-Pritchard (1980)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
爱德华·埃文思-普里查德 › 1902–1973
塔尔科特·帕森斯
影响了 ✓
Parsons heard Malinowski at the LSE (1924–25) and later read his functionalism as a step towards social systems theory (‘Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1957). T. Parsons, “Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems”, in R. Firth (ed.), Man and Culture (1957)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
塔尔科特·帕森斯 › 1902–1979
批评
受批评于 1
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯
受其批评
Lévi-Strauss objected that Malinowski’s functionalism forbids itself history and comparison yet claims general truths from the intensive study of a single society (‘Histoire et ethnologie’, 1949). C. Lévi-Strauss, “Histoire et ethnologie”, Revue de métaphysique et de morale 54 (1949); Anthropologie structurale (1958), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009
批评了 1
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
批评了
Malinowski argued from Trobriand fieldwork that Freud’s Oedipus complex is not universal: in a matrilineal society hostility targets the mother’s brother (Sex and Repression in Savage Society, 1927). B. Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927); E. Jones, “Mother-Right and the Sexual Ignorance of Savages” (1925)
依据: AI 草稿
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
作品
立场
Malinowski is on the map as a founder of modern social anthropology and of the functionalist school. In the introduction to “Argonauts of the Western Pacific” (1922) he described a method: the ethnographer should live for a long time among the people studied, learn their language, record everyday life as well as rules, and aim “to grasp the native’s point of view”. His account of the kula, a ring of ceremonial exchange between islands, showed an economy in which gifts and obligations rather than profit organise exchange; Mauss built on it in “The Gift” (1925), Karl Polanyi in “The Great Transformation” (1944). In “Sex and Repression in Savage Society” (1927) he argued against Freud that the Oedipus complex is not universal, since in the matrilineal Trobriand family tension is directed at the mother’s brother rather than the father. In “Magic, Science and Religion” (1925) he held that Trobrianders possess sound empirical knowledge and use magic where outcomes are uncertain. His late theory, “A Scientific Theory of Culture” (1944), explained institutions as responses to biological and derived needs; Talcott Parsons assessed it in relation to the theory of social systems, while Lévi-Strauss objected that functionalism shuts out history and comparison. His posthumously published diary and the relation of his “practical anthropology” to colonial administration are still debated.
生平与背景
Bronisław Malinowski was born on 7 April 1884 in Kraków, then part of Austrian Galicia; his father was a professor of Slavic philology. He studied philosophy at the Jagiellonian University; his dissertation on the principle of the economy of thought, submitted in 1906, earned him a doctorate with imperial honours in 1908. After three semesters with Wilhelm Wundt and Karl Bücher in Leipzig he went in 1910 to the London School of Economics, where he studied with Edvard Westermarck and C. G. Seligman. In 1914 he travelled to New Guinea; as an Austro-Hungarian subject he became an enemy alien when war broke out but was allowed to continue his research, on Mailu (1914–15) and in the Trobriand Islands (1915–16, 1917–18). From 1921 he taught at the LSE, from 1927 as professor of social anthropology. In 1938 he went to the United States, taught at Yale and died in New Haven on 16 May 1942.
其他主要作品
- The Family among the Australian Aborigines (1913)
- Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
- Crime and Custom in Savage Society (1926)
- Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927)
- Coral Gardens and Their Magic (2 vols., 1935)
- A Scientific Theory of Culture (1944)
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