雅克·拉康
无意识的结构就像语言，而自我是在孩子第一次在镜像中认出自己时形成的。
定位
无意识的结构像语言一样；镜像阶段形成自我。
核心思想
- 镜像阶段
- 实在界、象征界、想象界
- 他者的欲望
影响
受影响于 6
阿维拉的特蕾莎
受其影响
In his seminar Encore (1972–73; publ. 1975) Lacan took Bernini’s Teresa as an image of a feminine jouissance beyond the phallus, attested by the mystics. J. Lacan, Le séminaire XX: Encore (1972–73; ed. J.-A. Miller, 1975); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
依据: AI 草稿
阿维拉的特蕾莎 › 1515–1582
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
Lacan, who attended Kojève’s Hegel seminar (1933–39), took from the master–slave dialectic that desire is the desire of the other and seeks recognition (‘Subversion du sujet’, 1960). J. Lacan, “Subversion du sujet et dialectique du désir dans l’inconscient freudien” (1960), in Écrits (1966); A. Kojève, Introduction à la lecture de Hegel (1947); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
受其影响 ✓
Lacan called for a return to Freud and reread condensation and displacement as metaphor and metonymy, the unconscious being structured like a language (‘L’instance de la lettre’, 1957). J. Lacan, “La chose freudienne” (1955); “L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud” (1957), both in Écrits (1966); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
费迪南·德·索绪尔
受其影响 ✓
Lacan inverted Saussure’s sign, placing the signifier over the signified and giving it primacy, so that meaning slides along chains of signifiers (‘L’instance de la lettre’, 1957). J. Lacan, “L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud” (1957), in Écrits (1966); F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (1916); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
费迪南·德·索绪尔 › 1857–1913
马丁·海德格尔
受其影响 ✓
Lacan, who met Heidegger in 1955, translated his ‘Logos’ for La Psychanalyse (1956) and drew on his thinking of speech and truth (Écrits, 1966). M. Heidegger, “Logos”, trans. J. Lacan, La Psychanalyse 1 (1956); J. Lacan, Écrits (1966); E. Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan (1993); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯
受其影响
Lacan took from Lévi-Strauss’s Elementary Structures of Kinship (1949) that a symbolic law of exchange orders human relations, the core of his symbolic order (‘Fonction et champ’, 1953). J. Lacan, “Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage en psychanalyse” (1953), in Écrits (1966); C. Lévi-Strauss, Les structures élémentaires de la parenté (1949); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009
影响了 5
路易·阿尔都塞
影响了
Althusser took up Lacan’s return to Freud (‘Freud and Lacan’, 1964) and modelled ideology’s imaginary relation of individuals to their conditions on Lacan’s mirror stage (1970). L. Althusser, “Freud et Lacan”, La Nouvelle Critique (1964); “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
路易·阿尔都塞 › 1918–1990
弗朗茨·法农
影响了
In Black Skin, White Masks (1952, ch. 6) Fanon took up Lacan’s mirror stage in a long note: once the mechanism Lacan described is grasped, the real Other for the white man is the Black man, perceived on the level of the body image. F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952), ch. 6 “Le nègre et la psychopathologie”; J. Lacan, “Le stade du miroir” (1936/1949)
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961
莱利娅·冈萨雷斯
影响了
Gonzalez drew on Lacan to set consciousness, the site of misrecognition, against memory, the site of an unwritten history (‘Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira’, 1984). L. Gonzalez, “Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira”, Ciências Sociais Hoje 2 (1984)
依据: AI 草稿
莱利娅·冈萨雷斯 › 1935–1994
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂娃
影响了 ✓
Kristeva took up Lacan’s symbolic order and mirror stage but placed before them a ‘semiotic’ level of drives and rhythms (La révolution du langage poétique, 1974). J. Kristeva, La révolution du langage poétique (1974); J. Lacan, “Le stade du miroir” (1949), in Écrits (1966); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂娃 › 1941年生
斯拉沃热·齐泽克
影响了 ✓
Žižek took up Lacan’s registers of the Imaginary, Symbolic and Real and his concept of fantasy to analyse ideology and popular culture (Looking Awry, 1991). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture (1991)
斯拉沃热·齐泽克 › 1949年生
批评
受批评于 4
科尔内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯
受其批评
Castoriadis rejected Lacan’s view of the imaginary as specular illusion, conceiving it as radical creation, and attacked Lacanian practice (Imaginary Institution, 1975; ‘La psychanalyse, projet et élucidation’, 1977). C. Castoriadis, L’institution imaginaire de la société (1975); “La psychanalyse, projet et élucidation”, in Les carrefours du labyrinthe I (1978), pp. 81–157
依据: AI 草稿
科尔内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯 › 1922–1997
雅克·德里达
受其批评
In ‘Le facteur de la vérité’ (1975) Derrida read Lacan’s seminar on Poe’s ‘Purloined Letter’ as phallogocentric and contested that a letter always reaches its destination. J. Derrida, “Le facteur de la vérité”, Poétique 21 (1975), repr. in La carte postale (1980); J. Lacan, “Le séminaire sur ‘La lettre volée’”, in Écrits (1966)
依据: AI 草稿
雅克·德里达 › 1930–2004
露丝·伊利格瑞 影响了
影响了
Irigaray, trained in Lacan’s École freudienne, took over his view that the subject is constituted in language and asked which sex that language serves (Speculum, 1974). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974); Ce sexe qui n’en est pas un (1977); M. Whitford, Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine (1991)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
受其批评
Irigaray argued that Lacan’s symbolic order, organised around the phallus, admits woman only as lack (‘Così fan tutti’, in Ce sexe qui n’en est pas un, 1977). L. Irigaray, “Così fan tutti”, in Ce sexe qui n’en est pas un (1977); Speculum de l’autre femme (1974)
依据: AI 草稿
露丝·伊利格瑞 › 1930年生
朱迪斯·巴特勒
受其批评
Butler objected that Lacan’s symbolic law fixes sexual positions around the phallus as quasi-timeless, and recast the phallus as a resignifiable norm (Bodies That Matter, 1993, ch. 2). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 2; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 2 “The Lesbian Phallus and the Morphological Imaginary”
依据: AI 草稿
朱迪斯·巴特勒 › 1956年生
作品
- 1966文集（Écrits）
镜像阶段，以及无意识中字符的动因。
立场
Lacan called for a “return to Freud,” whom he read through Saussure’s linguistics and structural anthropology. His famous thesis: the unconscious is structured like a language – it works with displacements and condensations like metaphor and metonymy. In the “mirror stage” the infant recognises itself in its mirror image and forms an ego that is from the outset an imaginary, alienated identification. Human beings are subjects of the “symbolic order” of language and law, into which they are born and which divides them. Lacan distinguished the registers of the Imaginary, the Symbolic and the Real, and described desire as “the desire of the Other.” His difficult work influenced literary theory, film studies, feminism and philosophers such as Žižek.
生平与背景
Lacan was born in Paris in 1901 and trained as a psychiatrist; his dissertation on paranoia attracted the interest of the surrealists. From 1953 he gave a public seminar for almost three decades that became a Parisian intellectual institution. Expelled from the International Psychoanalytical Association, he founded the École freudienne de Paris in 1964, which he dissolved shortly before his death in 1981.
其他主要作品
- The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function (1949)
- The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (Seminar XI) (1973)
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