朱迪斯·巴特勒
在巴特勒看来，性别不是我们所是的东西，而是我们所做的事情——它通过在社会规范下不断重复的行为而形成，直到显得自然。
定位
性别是述行的：它由引用规范的反复行为所产生——《性别麻烦》（1990年）成为酷儿理论的奠基文本（代词：they/them，也可用 she/her）。
核心思想
- 述行性
- 《性别麻烦》
- 不稳定的生命
影响
受影响于 11
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
Butler’s first book, Subjects of Desire (1987), traced Hegel’s desire for recognition through its French readers; Hegel’s unhappy consciousness returns in The Psychic Life of Power (1997). J. Butler, Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France (1987); The Psychic Life of Power (1997)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
受其影响
Butler drew on Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ and The Ego and the Id to read gender identity as melancholic incorporation of an ungrieved same-sex attachment (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power (1997); S. Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1917); Das Ich und das Es (1923)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
J. L. 奥斯汀
受其影响
Butler reworked Austin’s performative utterances, read through Derrida’s iterability, into a theory of gender performativity and of injurious speech (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
J. L. 奥斯汀 › 1911–1960
路易·阿尔都塞
受其影响
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
路易·阿尔都塞 › 1918–1990
米歇尔·福柯
受其影响 ✓
Butler took Foucault’s view that power produces subjects it regulates and applied it to sex and gender, drawing on his edition of Herculine Barbin’s memoirs (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité I. La volonté de savoir (1976); Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B. (1978); SEP “Michel Foucault”
米歇尔·福柯 › 1926–1984
雅克·德里达
受其影响
Butler took Derrida’s iterability and citationality (‘Signature événement contexte’, 1971) to explain how gender norms gain force through repetitions that can also go astray (Bodies That Matter, 1993). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
雅克·德里达 › 1930–2004
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汉娜·阿伦特
受其影响
Butler took up Arendt’s right to have rights (Who Sings the Nation-State?, with Spivak, 2007) and space of appearance (Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, 2015). J. Butler and G. C. Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State? (2007); J. Butler, Parting Ways (2012); Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly (2015); SEP “Hannah Arendt”
依据: AI 草稿
汉娜·阿伦特 › 1906–1975
玛丽·道格拉斯
受其影响
Butler took Douglas’s view in Purity and Danger (1966) that the body’s boundaries mark social limits, while rejecting her structuralist divide of nature and culture (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); M. Douglas, Purity and Danger (1966)
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽·道格拉斯 › 1921–2007
弗朗茨·法农
受其影响
In “Violence, Non-Violence: Sartre on Fanon” (2006) Butler read The Wretched of the Earth together with Sartre’s preface, asking whom each text addresses and how colonial violence shapes the bodies and the masculinity of the colonised. J. Butler, “Violence, Non-Violence: Sartre on Fanon”, Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 27:1 (2006); repr. in Senses of the Subject (2015)
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961
阿德里亚娜·卡瓦雷罗
受其影响
Butler built on Cavarero’s Relating Narratives (1997; Eng. 2000), in which the self depends on others who tell its story, for Giving an Account of Oneself (2005). J. Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself (2005); A. Cavarero, Tu che mi guardi, tu che mi racconti (1997; Relating Narratives, 2000)
依据: AI 草稿
阿德里亚娜·卡瓦雷罗 › 1947年生
伊芙·科索夫斯基·塞奇威克
受其影响
Butler engaged with Sedgwick’s work in ‘Capacity’ (Regarding Sedgwick, 2002); Jagose’s introduction (1996) counts both among the founders of queer theory. J. Butler, “Capacity”, in S. M. Barber and D. L. Clark (eds.), Regarding Sedgwick: Essays on Queer Culture and Critical Theory (2002); A. Jagose, Queer Theory (1996)
依据: AI 草稿
伊芙·科索夫斯基·塞奇威克 › 1950–2009
影响了 1
萨巴·马哈茂德
影响了
Mahmood took up Butler’s performativity, in which norms are inhabited through repeated bodily acts, but argued that Butler still tied agency to subverting norms (Politics of Piety, 2005). S. Mahmood, Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (2005); J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
萨巴·马哈茂德 › 1962–2018
批评
相互批评 1
南希·弗雷泽 ⇄ 相互
批评了
In ‘Merely Cultural’ (1998) Butler objected that Fraser’s split between economic and cultural injustice relegates struggles over sexuality to recognition, although they concern the reproduction of capitalism. J. Butler, “Merely Cultural”, New Left Review 227 (1998); N. Fraser, “Heterosexism, Misrecognition, and Capitalism”, New Left Review 228 (1998)
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Fraser objected that Butler’s resignification offers no norms to distinguish emancipatory from oppressive change (‘False Antitheses’, 1991) and treated heterosexism as misrecognition rather than maldistribution (1998). N. Fraser, “False Antitheses”, Praxis International 11 (1991); “Heterosexism, Misrecognition, and Capitalism: A Response to Judith Butler”, New Left Review 228 (1998)
依据: AI 草稿
南希·弗雷泽 › 1947年生
受批评于 2
玛莎·努斯鲍姆
受其批评
Nussbaum objected that Butler’s obscure prose and politics of subversive parody turn feminism away from material injustice and political action (‘The Professor of Parody’, 1999). M. C. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody”, The New Republic, 22 February 1999
依据: AI 草稿
玛莎·努斯鲍姆 › 1947年生
赛拉·本哈比卜
受其批评
Benhabib objected that Butler’s performative theory of gender dissolves the subject and thus leaves no room for agency and feminist emancipation (‘Feminism and Postmodernism’, 1991). S. Benhabib, “Feminism and Postmodernism: An Uneasy Alliance”, Praxis International 11 (1991); repr. in Feminist Contentions (1995), with Butler’s reply “Contingent Foundations”
依据: AI 草稿
赛拉·本哈比卜 › 1950年生
批评了 7
雅克·拉康
批评了
Butler objected that Lacan’s symbolic law fixes sexual positions around the phallus as quasi-timeless, and recast the phallus as a resignifiable norm (Bodies That Matter, 1993, ch. 2). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 2; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 2 “The Lesbian Phallus and the Morphological Imaginary”
依据: AI 草稿
雅克·拉康 › 1901–1981
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦 受其影响
受其影响
Butler read Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ as gender being an ongoing act of becoming (‘Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex’, 1986). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
批评了
Butler objected that Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ still keeps a natural sex beneath gender and a Cartesian dualism of mind and body (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦 › 1908–1986
皮埃尔·布迪厄
批评了
Butler objected that Bourdieu ties the force of performative speech to prior institutional authority, leaving no room for subversive resignification (Excitable Speech, 1997; ‘Performativity’s Social Magic’, 1999). J. Butler, Excitable Speech (1997); “Performativity’s Social Magic”, in R. Shusterman (ed.), Bourdieu: A Critical Reader (1999)
依据: AI 草稿
皮埃尔·布迪厄 › 1930–2002
露丝·伊利格瑞
批评了
Butler objected that Irigaray’s feminine, excluded by a single masculine economy, is a globalising figure that keeps the heterosexual frame of sexual difference (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1; Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
露丝·伊利格瑞 › 1930年生
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂娃
批评了
Butler objected that Kristeva’s semiotic, rooted in a pre-paternal maternal body, naturalises maternity and remains subordinate to the paternal law it contests (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 3). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 3.1 “The Body Politics of Julia Kristeva”
依据: AI 草稿
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂娃 › 1941年生
凯瑟琳·A. 麦金农
批评了
Butler objected that MacKinnon’s account of pornography as speech that enacts women’s subordination overstates its performative power and invites state censorship (Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997); C. A. MacKinnon, Only Words (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
凯瑟琳·A. 麦金农 › 1946年生
斯拉沃热·齐泽克
批评了
Butler objected that Žižek’s Lacanian Real works as an ahistorical, quasi-transcendental limit that fixes sexual difference beyond political contest (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, 2000). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993), ch. 7 “Arguing with the Real”; J. Butler, E. Laclau & S. Žižek, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality (2000)
依据: AI 草稿
斯拉沃热·齐泽克 › 1949年生
作品
立场
Butler’s Gender Trouble questioned a basic assumption of feminism: that there is a natural sex on which a cultural gender is merely built. Gender, Butler argued, is not something we are but something we do – it is “performative,” produced through the constant repetition of norms, gestures and speech acts. What appears natural is the effect of this repetition, regulated by a “heterosexual matrix.” Because norms must be repeated, they can also be shifted, parodied and subverted. In Bodies That Matter Butler extended the analysis to the materiality of bodies. Later works dealt with hate speech, vulnerability and grievable lives after 9/11. Butler became a founding figure of queer theory.
生平与背景
Butler was born in Cleveland in 1956, studied philosophy at Yale and spent a year in Heidelberg; their dissertation dealt with the reception of Hegel in twentieth-century France. After teaching at Johns Hopkins they have taught at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1993. In 2012 they received the Adorno Prize of the city of Frankfurt.
其他主要作品
- Subjects of Desire (1987)
- Gender Trouble (1990)
- Bodies That Matter (1993)
- Excitable Speech (1997)
- Precarious Life (2004)
出现在
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