齐格蒙特·鲍曼

Agora

齐格蒙特·鲍曼

1925–2017

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

现代生活变得“液态”：关系、工作和身份认同不再持久，而现代的组织方式本身使大屠杀成为可能。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 东欧 · 社会与历史, 伦理学, 政治与法

把大屠杀解读为现代性本身的一种可能，并把我们的当下描述为“液态现代性”：纽带、工作和认同不再保持其形状。

核心思想

现代性与大屠杀
液态现代性
陌生人与矛盾性
被浪费的生命

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影响

受影响于 7

卡尔·马克思

受其影响
A Marxist sociologist in Warsaw, Bauman kept Marx’s critique of the present but read socialism as an ‘active utopia’, not a historical necessity (Socialism: The Active Utopia, 1976). Z. Bauman, Socialism: The Active Utopia (1976); K. Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman (2004); SEP “Karl Marx”
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德

受其影响
Bauman reversed Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents: where Freud saw happiness traded for security, postmodern discontents come from freedom bought with insecurity (Postmodernity and Its Discontents, 1997). Z. Bauman, Postmodernity and Its Discontents (1997), introduction; S. Freud, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur (1930)
依据: AI 草稿
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
格奥尔格·齐美尔

受其影响
Bauman drew on Simmel’s figure of the stranger, near and remote at once, to analyse modernity’s fear of what defies classification (Modernity and Ambivalence, 1991). Z. Bauman, Modernity and Ambivalence (1991); G. Simmel, “Exkurs über den Fremden”, in Soziologie (1908)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·齐美尔 › 1858–1918
马克斯·韦伯

受其影响
Bauman drew on Weber’s bureaucracy and instrumental rationality: a modern division of labour that separated means from moral ends made the Holocaust possible (Modernity and the Holocaust, 1989). Z. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (1989); SEP “Max Weber”
依据: AI 草稿
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920
安东尼奥·葛兰西

受其影响
Bauman called Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks a major influence; Keith Tester traces to them his view of reality as praxis that can be otherwise (Culture as Praxis, 1973). Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (1973); K. Tester, “Paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s Social Thought”, Thesis Eleven 70 (2002); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
依据: AI 草稿
安东尼奥·葛兰西 › 1891–1937
K. E. 洛格斯特鲁普

受其影响
Beside Levinas, Bauman drew on Løgstrup’s ‘ethical demand’, the unspoken demand to take care of the other person whose life is in one’s hands (Postmodern Ethics, 1993). Z. Bauman, Postmodern Ethics (1993); K. E. Løgstrup, Den etiske fordring (1956); Ø. Larsen, “The Ethical Demand in Societal Perspective” (2014)
依据: AI 草稿
K. E. 洛格斯特鲁普 › 1905–1981
伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯

受其影响
Bauman founded his Postmodern Ethics (1993) on Levinas’s responsibility for the Other, a moral impulse that precedes rules, which no institution can take over from the individual. Z. Bauman, Postmodern Ethics (1993); Modernity and the Holocaust (1989); SEP “Emmanuel Levinas”
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯 › 1906–1995

批评

批评了 1

诺贝特·埃利亚斯

批评了
Bauman argued against reading the Holocaust as a lapse of Elias’s civilising process: modern bureaucracy and rationality made it possible (Modernity and the Holocaust, 1989, ch. 1). Z. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (1989), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
诺贝特·埃利亚斯 › 1897–1990

作品

1989现代性与大屠杀
大屠杀不是向野蛮的倒退；它是由现代官僚制、分工，以及它们在行为与后果之间造成的距离所促成的。

立场

In Modernity and the Holocaust (1989) Bauman rejected the view that the genocide of the Jews was a relapse into barbarism. It was made possible, he argued, by modernity itself: by the bureaucratic division of labour that turned killing into a technical task, by an instrumental rationality that separated means from moral ends, and by the ambition of the modern “gardening state” to design a perfect order and weed out whatever did not fit. Elias’s story of a civilising process, he wrote, had underrated this dark side. Modernity’s urge for order also produced ambivalence and the fear of the stranger who fits no category. From the late 1980s Bauman described the passage to a “postmodern” and then, from Liquid Modernity (2000) on, a “liquid” modernity: the solid structures of the industrial age – lifelong jobs, stable classes, binding relationships – melt into fluid networks in which individuals must constantly reinvent themselves, above all as consumers. Freedom grows, but so do insecurity and the number of “wasted lives” – the poor, migrants and refugees for whom the global market has no use. Drawing on Levinas, he defended a personal moral responsibility that no rule or institution can take over.

生平与背景

Zygmunt Bauman was born in 1925 in Poznań into a poor Jewish family. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939 the family fled to the Soviet Union. He joined the Polish army formed there, fought at Kołobrzeg and in the Battle of Berlin, and from 1945 to 1953 served as a political officer in the communist Internal Security Corps – a past that drew public criticism after Polish historians published on it in 2006, and which he later called a mistake of his youth. After his discharge in 1953 he taught sociology at the University of Warsaw and became a leading revisionist Marxist. During the antisemitic campaign of 1968 he lost his chair and left Poland, taught in Israel, and from 1971 to 1990 was professor of sociology at the University of Leeds. He died in Leeds in 2017.