卡罗尔·吉利根

Agora

卡罗尔·吉利根

1936年生

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

道德心理学的阶段理论是建立在对男孩和男性的研究之上的；许多女性从关系和责任出发进行推理，而这种“不同的声音”并不是道德的较低阶段。

定位

政治哲学与伦理学（20—21世纪） · 北美 · 伦理学, 心灵与意识, 性别与女性主义

美国心理学家：道德发展理论以男性的权利与规则标准来衡量女性；倾听女性，她听到了一种“不同的声音”，它从关系和责任出发进行推理——这是关怀伦理学的起点。

核心思想

一种不同的声音
关怀伦理学与正义伦理学
关系与责任

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影响

影响了 2

弗吉尼亚·赫尔德

影响了
Held built on Gilligan’s different voice of care to develop the ethics of care as a full moral and political theory (The Ethics of Care, 2006). V. Held, The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global (2006); C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982)
依据: AI 草稿
弗吉尼亚·赫尔德 › 1929–2026
内尔·诺丁斯

影响了 ✓
Noddings took up Gilligan’s different voice of care, grounding ethics in the relation between ‘one-caring’ and ‘cared-for’ (Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, 1984). N. Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984); C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
内尔·诺丁斯 › 1929–2022

批评

批评了 2

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德

批评了
Gilligan criticised Freud for taking male development as the norm and reading women’s supposedly weaker sense of justice as a deficit (In a Different Voice, 1982). C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982), ch. 1; S. Freud, “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes” (1925)
依据: AI 草稿
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
让·皮亚杰

批评了
Gilligan objected that Piaget, noting that girls are less legalistic in games, took boys’ development as the norm and girls’ as a deficit (In a Different Voice, 1982). C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982), ch. 1; J. Piaget, Le jugement moral chez l’enfant (1932)
依据: AI 草稿
让·皮亚杰 › 1896–1980

作品

1982不同的声音
访谈——其中有正在决定是否堕胎的女性——揭示出一种关怀与责任的道德推理，而发展阶段模型把它排在不成熟之列。

立场

Kohlberg had built his six stages of moral development on interviews with boys; when women were tested, many were scored at stage three, where morality means meeting others’ expectations and caring for them. Gilligan asked whether the scale was wrong rather than the women. In interviews with students, with women deciding whether to have an abortion and with others, she heard two ways of framing moral problems: an ethic of justice, which asks about rights and impartial rules, and an ethic of care, which asks how to respond to the needs of particular others without abandoning oneself or anyone else. Freud, Piaget and Kohlberg had treated the second as a deficit; Gilligan argued that it was a “different voice” that psychology had failed to hear. She stressed that this voice was defined by its theme, not by sex, but her observation that it was heard mainly from women made the book a classic of difference feminism and of care ethics. Critics raised several objections. Lawrence Walker’s review of studies (1984) and a meta-analysis by Sara Jaffee and Janet Hyde (2000) found only small differences between men and women in moral reasoning. Christina Hoff Sommers criticised her samples and methods. Feminist critics feared that praising care would confirm the traditional role of women. In later work Gilligan described patriarchy as a system that forces boys and girls to give up parts of their voice, and care as a human, not a feminine, ethic.

生平与背景

Carol Gilligan was born in New York City in 1936. She studied English literature at Swarthmore College, graduating in 1958, clinical psychology at Radcliffe College and social psychology at Harvard, where she took her doctorate in 1964. In the late 1960s she taught with Erik Erikson at Harvard and then worked with Lawrence Kohlberg, whose stage theory of moral development dominated the field. In a Different Voice (1982) made her known far beyond psychology. At the Harvard Graduate School of Education she led research on the development of girls and in 1997 became the first professor of gender studies at Harvard. She was Pitt Professor at Cambridge from 1992 to 1994 and moved to New York University in 2002. Besides research she has written a novel, Kyra (2008), and, with her son Jonathan, a stage adaptation of The Scarlet Letter.