查尔斯·达尔文

Agora

查尔斯·达尔文

1809–1882

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在达尔文看来，所有物种，包括人类，都是在漫长的时间中通过自然选择发展而来的，没有任何计划或设计者。

定位

自然科学与人文科学 · 北欧 · 科学

通过自然选择的进化——把人类置于自然史之中。

核心思想

自然选择
人类的由来

在星图中打开

影响

影响了 14

赫伯特·斯宾塞

影响了
Spencer had formulated his evolutionism before Darwin, but after reading the Origin of Species he coined ‘survival of the fittest’ for natural selection (Principles of Biology, 1864). H. Spencer, The Principles of Biology, vol. I (1864); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859), 5th ed. (1869); SEP “Herbert Spencer”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
赫伯特·斯宾塞 › 1820–1903
威廉·詹姆斯

影响了
James’s Principles of Psychology (1890) treated mind as a function serving the organism’s adaptation, and ‘Great Men and Their Environment’ (1880) applied Darwin’s spontaneous variation to history. W. James, “Great Men and Their Environment” (1880); The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “William James”
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德

影响了
Freud took Darwin’s primal horde as a premise of Totem und Tabu (1912–13) and called his theory of descent the ‘biological’ blow to human self-love (1917). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1912–13); “Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse” (1917); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871); F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979)
依据: AI 草稿
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
亨利·柏格森

影响了 ✓
In Creative Evolution (1907) Bergson accepted evolution but argued that Darwin’s insensible accidental variations cannot explain convergent organs such as the eye, positing a vital impetus. H. Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice (1907); SEP “Henri Bergson”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
约翰·杜威

影响了
In ‘The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy’ (1909) Dewey argued that the Origin of Species turned thought from fixed essences and final ends to change and concrete problems. J. Dewey, The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays (1910); SEP “John Dewey”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·杜威 › 1859–1952
丹尼尔·丹尼特

影响了
Dennett read Darwin’s natural selection as an algorithmic process that yields design without a designer, a ‘universal acid’ for traditional ideas of purpose (Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 1995). D. C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (1995); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
丹尼尔·丹尼特 › 1942–2024

显示全部 (14)收起

弗里德里希·恩格斯

影响了
Engels likened Marx’s law of history to Darwin’s law of organic nature (graveside speech, 1883) and drew on Darwin for an essay on labour in human evolution (1876). F. Engels, speech at Marx’s grave (1883); “Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen” (1876, publ. 1896); letter to Marx (Dec. 1859)
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·恩格斯 › 1820–1895
弗朗西斯·高尔顿

影响了
Galton, Darwin’s half-cousin, said the Origin of Species turned him to heredity; Hereditary Genius (1869) led to his eugenics, which scholarship rejects as scientifically and ethically untenable. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius (1869); Memories of My Life (1908); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗西斯·高尔顿 › 1822–1911
彼得·克鲁泡特金

影响了
Against Huxley’s ‘struggle for existence’ Kropotkin invoked the social instincts of Darwin’s Descent of Man (1871) to make mutual aid a factor of evolution (Mutual Aid, 1902). P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902); T. H. Huxley, “The Struggle for Existence” (1888); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
依据: AI 草稿
彼得·克鲁泡特金 › 1842–1921
保罗·雷

影响了
Rée’s Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen builds an evolutionary moral psychology on Darwin’s account of morality and altruism. Cadernos Nietzsche 37 (1), 2016 (abstract read); R. Small, Nietzsche and Rée (2005)
依据: AI 草稿
保罗·雷 › 1849–1901
严复

影响了
In ‘On Strength’ (Yuan qiang, 1895) and the Tianyanlun (1898) Yan Fu introduced Darwin’s natural selection as a process in which things contend and Heaven chooses (wujing tianze), applying it to nations. Yan Fu, Yuan qiang (1895); Tianyanlun (1898); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
严复 › 1854–1921
爱德华·韦斯特马克

影响了
Westermarck framed The History of Human Marriage (1891) with Darwin’s theory of descent and selection, arguing that lasting pair bonds, not promiscuity, go back to the earliest humans. E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (1891); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·韦斯特马克 › 1862–1939
乔治·赫伯特·米德

影响了
Mead started his account of the ‘conversation of gestures’ from Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions (1872), reading gestures socially rather than as expression (Mind, Self, and Society, 1934). G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·赫伯特·米德 › 1863–1931
玛丽·米奇利

影响了
Midgley used Darwin and ethology to place human nature among the animals (Beast and Man, 1978) and criticised making evolution a secular creed (Evolution as a Religion, 1985). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); Evolution as a Religion (1985)
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽·米奇利 › 1919–2018

批评

受批评于 4

贾迈勒丁·阿富汗尼

受其批评
Al-Afghani’s Refutation of the Materialists (1881) ridiculed Darwin’s theory among the ‘naturalist’ doctrines that, in his view, dissolve religion, morality and society. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, al-Radd ʿalā al-dahriyyīn (1881), tr. N. R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism, 1968
依据: AI 草稿
贾迈勒丁·阿富汗尼 › 1838–1897
弗里德里希·尼采

受其批评
Nietzsche’s ‘Anti-Darwin’ objected that life seeks power, not mere survival, and that the struggle favours the weak over the exceptional (Twilight of the Idols, 1889). F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), Skirmishes §14 “Anti-Darwin”; Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1887), §349; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
西尔维娅·温特

受其批评
In “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being” (2003) Wynter read Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) as the founding text of a second, biocentric conception of Man, in which the colonised and the poor appeared as the “dysselected” – a self-description of the West she set out to unsettle. S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3:3 (2003), 257–337
依据: AI 草稿
西尔维娅·温特 › 1928年生
杰里·福多

受其批评
With Piattelli-Palmarini, Fodor argued that natural selection cannot distinguish traits selected for from coextensive ‘free riders’ and so does not explain adaptation (What Darwin Got Wrong, 2010). J. Fodor & M. Piattelli-Palmarini, What Darwin Got Wrong (2010), part II
依据: AI 草稿
杰里·福多 › 1935–2017

作品

1859物种起源
自然选择是进化的引擎。

立场

Darwin explained the diversity of life without a designer. Organisms vary, more are born than can survive, and those variations that help in the struggle for existence are passed on more often. Over vast periods this natural selection produces new species, all descended from common ancestors. The apparent design in nature, which theologians had used as proof of God, could thus arise from an undirected process. In The Descent of Man he applied the theory to humans, including our moral sense and emotions. Darwin changed how philosophy thinks about human nature, purpose, ethics and knowledge, from pragmatism to evolutionary epistemology.

生平与背景

Born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, Darwin abandoned medicine in Edinburgh and studied for the clergy in Cambridge. The voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836), above all to South America and the Galápagos, made him a naturalist. He then lived as a private scholar at Down House in Kent for decades, publishing his theory in 1859 after Alfred Russel Wallace reached similar ideas. He died in 1882.