西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦
一个人不是生来就是女人，而是被社会造就成女人的——而真正的自由意味着对一种开放的、不确定的存在承担责任。
定位
“女人不是天生的，而是后天形成的”：《第二性》成为第二波女权主义的奠基文本。
核心思想
- 他者
- 模糊性的伦理学
影响
受影响于 6
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
Beauvoir used Hegel’s master–slave dialectic in The Second Sex (1949), having set a line attributed to Hegel as the motto of She Came to Stay (1943). S. de Beauvoir, L’Invitée (1943); Le Deuxième Sexe (1949); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
索伦·克尔凯郭尔
受其影响
In The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) Beauvoir drew on Kierkegaard’s defence of the existing individual against Hegel’s system, while holding that freedom must will the freedom of others. S. de Beauvoir, Pour une morale de l’ambiguïté (1947); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
索伦·克尔凯郭尔 › 1813–1855
卡尔·马克思
受其影响
Beauvoir ended Le Deuxième Sexe (1949) with Marx’s sentence that the relation of man to woman is the immediate, natural, necessary relation of human to human (1844 Manuscripts). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe II (1949), conclusion; K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (1844)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔
受其影响
S. Heinämaa reads The Second Sex (1949) as a phenomenological work in Husserl’s sense, describing woman’s lived body and experience rather than explaining them causally. S. Heinämaa, Toward a Phenomenology of Sexual Difference: Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Beauvoir (2003); S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
让-保罗·萨特 影响了
受其影响 ✓
In The Second Sex (1949) Beauvoir used Sartre’s ontology of the Other, transcendence and bad faith to describe how woman is constituted as man’s Other. S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949); J.-P. Sartre, L’Être et le néant (1943); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
影响了 存在争议
Whether Beauvoir shaped Sartre’s ontology is disputed; K. and E. Fullbrook argue that She Came to Stay (1943) anticipated the conflict of consciousnesses in Being and Nothingness. K. Fullbrook and E. Fullbrook, Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre: The Remaking of a Twentieth-Century Legend (1993); S. de Beauvoir, L’Invitée (1943); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
让-保罗·萨特 › 1905–1980
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂
受其影响
Beauvoir reviewed Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception in Les Temps modernes (1945) and in The Second Sex (1949) took up his view of the body as situation. S. de Beauvoir, review of La Phénoménologie de la perception, Les Temps modernes (1945); Le Deuxième Sexe (1949); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: AI 草稿
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂 › 1908–1961
影响了 2
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬
影响了 ✓
Young started from Beauvoir’s account of woman as both subject and object to describe the inhibited bodily comportment of girls (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬 › 1949–2006
萨莉·哈斯兰格
影响了
Haslanger developed Beauvoir’s claim that one becomes a woman into a social ontology of gender as a position in social relations, not a biological fact (Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique (2012); “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?”, Noûs 34 (2000); S. de Beauvoir, Le deuxième sexe (1949); SEP “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”
依据: AI 草稿
萨莉·哈斯兰格 › 1955年生
批评
受批评于 2
露丝·伊利格瑞
受其批评
Irigaray objected that Beauvoir’s demand for equality measures women by a male standard, whereas sexual difference must be recognised (‘Equal or Different?’, 1986, in Je, tu, nous, 1990). L. Irigaray, “Égales ou différentes?” (1986), in Je, tu, nous. Pour une culture de la différence (1990)
依据: AI 草稿
露丝·伊利格瑞 › 1930年生
朱迪斯·巴特勒 影响了
影响了
Butler read Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ as gender being an ongoing act of becoming (‘Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex’, 1986). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
受其批评
Butler objected that Beauvoir’s ‘one becomes a woman’ still keeps a natural sex beneath gender and a Cartesian dualism of mind and body (Gender Trouble, 1990, ch. 1). J. Butler, “Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex”, Yale French Studies 72 (1986); Gender Trouble (1990), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
朱迪斯·巴特勒 › 1956年生
批评了 2
弗里德里希·恩格斯
批评了
Beauvoir objected that Engels never explains why private property should have meant women’s subjugation, reducing an existential situation to economics (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 3; F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·恩格斯 › 1820–1895
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
批评了
Beauvoir objected that Freud modelled female sexuality on the male and that penis envy reflects men’s social privilege, not anatomy (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 2; SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: AI 草稿
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
作品
立场
Beauvoir developed an existentialist ethics in which freedom is always situated and ambiguous: we are both free subjects and bodily, dependent beings, and to will oneself free also means willing others to be free. In The Second Sex she applied this to the situation of women. Throughout history man has defined himself as the subject and the norm, woman as “the Other”, the deviation. Femininity is not a natural fate but a social construction: “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.” Through myths, upbringing, economics and marriage, women are kept from realising their freedom. The book became a founding text of modern feminism.
生平与背景
Beauvoir studied philosophy at the Sorbonne; in 1929, aged 21, she passed the agrégation in philosophy, ranked second behind Jean-Paul Sartre, who became her lifelong partner. She taught at lycées before living as a writer, co-edited Les Temps modernes and won the Prix Goncourt in 1954 for The Mandarins. Her novels, memoirs and essays made her one of the best-known public intellectuals of her time. In 1943 the education authorities withdrew her teaching licence after the mother of a former pupil accused her of inciting a minor to debauchery; the criminal investigation was dropped and the licence was restored in 1945. Her sexual relationships with former pupils, in which Sartre was also involved, became known mainly through later letters and memoirs and are now widely criticised.
其他主要作品
- Pyrrhus and Cineas (1944)
- The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947)
- The Second Sex (1949)
- The Mandarins (1954)
- Old Age (1970)
出现在
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