आइरिस मैरियन यंग
न्याय केवल इसके बारे में नहीं कि किसे क्या मिलता है, बल्कि उत्पीड़न और प्रभुत्व के अंत के बारे में है, जो रोज़मर्रा के जीवन में अनेक रूप लेते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
राजनीतिक दार्शनिक: न्याय केवल वितरण नहीं, बल्कि उत्पीड़न और प्रभुत्व का अभाव भी है, जिसके पाँच चेहरे हैं; “लड़की की तरह फेंकना” दिखाता है कि शरीर समाज से अपनी सीमाएँ कैसे सीखता है।
मुख्य विचार
- उत्पीड़न के पाँच चेहरे
- भेद की राजनीति
- लड़की की तरह फेंकना
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
सिमोन द बोव्वार
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Young started from Beauvoir’s account of woman as both subject and object to describe the inhibited bodily comportment of girls (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
सिमोन द बोव्वार › 1908–1986
मोरिस मर्लो-पोंती
जिनसे प्रभावित
Young applied Merleau-Ponty’s motor intentionality to feminine bodily comportment, finding an ‘inhibited intentionality’ caught between ‘I can’ and ‘I cannot’ (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मोरिस मर्लो-पोंती › 1908–1961
मिशेल फूको
जिनसे प्रभावित
Young drew on Foucault’s analysis of power in everyday practices to define oppression as structural, not as rule by tyrants (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990); M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir (1975)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिनसे प्रभावित
Young took up Habermas’s discourse model of deliberative democracy but widened it to include greeting, rhetoric and narrative as forms of political communication (Inclusion and Democracy, 2000). I. M. Young, Inclusion and Democracy (2000); “Communication and the Other”, in S. Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference (1996)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
सैली हैस्लैंगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Haslanger took up Young’s account of oppression as structural, arising from institutions and practices rather than individual ill will (‘Oppressions: Racial and Other’, 2004; Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, “Oppressions: Racial and Other”, in M. P. Levine and T. Pataki (eds.), Racism in Mind (2004); Resisting Reality (2012); I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सैली हैस्लैंगर › जन्म 1955
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Young objected that Fraser’s dual framework of redistribution and recognition splits apart what belongs together: cultural and economic injustice are intertwined in the same structures (‘Unruly Categories’, 1997). I. M. Young, “Unruly Categories: A Critique of Nancy Fraser’s Dual Systems Theory”, New Left Review 222 (1997); reply: N. Fraser, “A Rejoinder to Iris Young”, New Left Review 223 (1997)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Fraser objected that Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990) runs together cultural and political-economic injustice and affirms group differences that justice may require abolishing (1995). N. Fraser, “Recognition or Redistribution? A Critical Reading of Iris Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference”, Journal of Political Philosophy 3 (1995); I. M. Young, “Unruly Categories”, New Left Review 222 (1997)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र › जन्म 1947
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
हाना आरंट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Young took up Arendt’s distinction between guilt and political responsibility but tied responsibility to participation in unjust structures, not to membership in a polity (Responsibility for Justice, 2011). I. M. Young, Responsibility for Justice (2011), ch. 3 “Guilt versus Responsibility: A Reading and Partial Critique of Hannah Arendt”; H. Arendt, “Collective Responsibility” (1968)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
जॉन राल्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Young argued that the ‘distributive paradigm’ dominant since Rawls misses institutional structures of oppression and domination (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990, ch. 1). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990), ch. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
कृतियाँ
स्त्रैण शारीरिक आचरण की घटना-विज्ञान: लड़कियाँ अपनी ही गतियों को रोकना कैसे सीखती हैं।
उत्पीड़न के पाँच चेहरे – शोषण, हाशियाकरण, शक्तिहीनता, सांस्कृतिक साम्राज्यवाद, हिंसा – और वितरणात्मक प्रतिमान की आलोचना।
मत
Young’s early essay “Throwing Like a Girl” applied Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology to Beauvoir’s claim that women are made, not born: girls learn to move within a limited space and to treat their bodies as fragile objects, and this comportment is social, not natural. “Justice and the Politics of Difference” argued that the “distributive paradigm” dominant since Rawls misses what justice is mostly about: institutional structures that oppress and dominate. She distinguished five faces of oppression – exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence – and defended a politics in which difference is represented rather than assimilated.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Iris Marion Young (1949–2006) was born in New York, studied at Queens College and Pennsylvania State University and taught at Worcester Polytechnic, Pittsburgh and, from 2000, the University of Chicago. She combined political theory with feminist activism and work on urban policy, and was a visiting fellow in Princeton, Frankfurt and Canberra. She died of cancer at fifty-seven, leaving a last book on responsibility for structural injustice, published posthumously.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Throwing Like a Girl (1980)
- Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
- Inclusion and Democracy (2000)
- Responsibility for Justice (2011)
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