हेनरी सिजविक
ब्रह्मांड के दृष्टिकोण से देखें तो हर किसी का सुख बराबर गिना जाता है – पर तर्क सिद्ध नहीं कर सकता कि स्वार्थ को उसके आगे झुकना चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
नीतिशास्त्र की पद्धतियाँ अहंवाद, अंतर्ज्ञानवाद और उपयोगितावाद की व्यवस्थित तुलना करती है; मूर, राल्स और पारफ़िट तक एक सेतु।
मुख्य विचार
- ब्रह्मांड का दृष्टिबिंदु
- व्यावहारिक तर्क का द्वैत
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
In The Methods of Ethics (1874) Sidgwick accepted Kant’s universalisability principle as a self-evident axiom of justice, holding that alone it cannot settle what we ought to do. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); “The Kantian Conception of Free Will”, Mind (1888); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जेरेमी बेन्थम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Sidgwick took Bentham’s utilitarianism, with its impartial count of everyone’s happiness, as one of the three methods he examined in The Methods of Ethics (1874). H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जेरेमी बेन्थम › 1748–1832
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनसे प्रभावित
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
जी. ई. मूर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Moore credited Sidgwick, his Cambridge teacher, with seeing that the basic ethical notion is indefinable, and argued at length with the Methods of Ethics in Principia Ethica (1903). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”; SEP “Moore’s Moral Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जी. ई. मूर › 1873–1958
जे. जे. सी. स्मार्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Smart rested his act utilitarianism on an ultimate attitude of generalised benevolence, close to Sidgwick’s axiom of benevolence (‘An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics’, 1961). J. J. C. Smart, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics (1961); J. J. C. Smart and B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जे. जे. सी. स्मार्ट › 1920–2012
डेरेक पारफ़िट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Parfit took up Sidgwick’s ‘dualism of practical reason’ between egoism and impartial benevolence and sought to resolve it (Reasons and Persons, 1984; On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); On What Matters (2011); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेरेक पारफ़िट › 1942–2017
पीटर सिंगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
With de Lazari-Radek, Singer defended Sidgwick’s utilitarianism, his ‘point of view of the universe’ and intuitionist method, and argued the dualism of practical reason can be resolved (2014). K. de Lazari-Radek and P. Singer, The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (2014); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पीटर सिंगर › जन्म 1946
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Anscombe faulted Sidgwick for denying any moral difference between intended and foreseen consequences, the step that opened the way to what she named ‘consequentialism’ (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19; H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब › 1919–2001
जॉन राल्स जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rawls modelled his comparison of moral conceptions on Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics (A Theory of Justice, 1971) and wrote a foreword to its 1981 reissue. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Rawls took Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as the classic statement of utilitarianism, whose impartial sympathetic spectator merges all persons into one (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5, 30; foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
कृतियाँ
अहंवाद, अंतर्ज्ञानवाद, उपयोगितावाद – व्यवस्थित तुलना में।
मत
Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics examines with great care the three main ways in which we decide what we ought to do: egoism, intuitionism and utilitarianism. He found that our considered moral intuitions, properly refined, support utilitarianism, and that reason recognises self-evident axioms such as impartiality – the good of one person counts no more, from “the point of view of the universe”, than that of another. Yet he could not refute egoism, and saw a “dualism of practical reason” between self-interest and universal benevolence. His careful method of weighing intuitions made him a direct ancestor of Moore, Rawls, Parfit and Singer.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Skipton, Yorkshire, in 1838, Henry Sidgwick studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and taught there. In 1869 he resigned his fellowship because he could no longer affirm the Anglican articles of faith. In 1883 he became Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy. He helped found Newnham College for women and co-founded the Society for Psychical Research. He died in 1900.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Methods of Ethics (1874)
- Principles of Political Economy (1883)
- Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886)
- The Elements of Politics (1891)
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