माइकल सैंडेल
हम अनिर्बंध व्यक्ति नहीं बल्कि समुदायों के सदस्य हैं, और कुछ चीज़ें – जैसे नागरिक जीवन, गरिमा और हमारे बच्चे – बिक्री के लिए नहीं होनी चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
हार्वर्ड के राजनीतिक दार्शनिक जिनका पाठ्यक्रम “जस्टिस” लाखों तक पहुँचा: हम अज्ञान के पर्दे के पीछे चुनने वाले “अनिर्बंध आत्म” नहीं, बल्कि समुदायों के सदस्य हैं – और कुछ वस्तुएँ बिक्री के लिए नहीं होनी चाहिए।
मुख्य विचार
- अनिर्बंध आत्म की आलोचना
- नागरिक गणतंत्रवाद
- बाज़ारों की नैतिक सीमाएँ
- योग्यता का अत्याचार
गुरु: चार्ल्स टेलर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Sandel drew on Aristotle’s teleological reasoning – justice as allocating goods by their purpose – to question liberal neutrality (Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?, 2009). M. J. Sandel, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (2009); The Case against Perfection (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
चार्ल्स टेलर जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Sandel studied at Balliol College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar and wrote his DPhil under Charles Taylor (1981); it grew into Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982). Berggruen Institute, laureate biography of M. Sandel; M. J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
चार्ल्स टेलर › जन्म 1931
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Sandel criticised the Kantian self prior to its ends, the basis of deontological liberalism, as an ‘unencumbered self’ (‘The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self’, 1984). M. J. Sandel, “The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self”, Political Theory 12 (1984); Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
फ़्रांसिस गाल्टन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Sandel criticised Galton’s eugenics as a drive to mastery that ignores the giftedness of life, a problem inherited by ‘liberal eugenics’ (The Case against Perfection, 2007). M. J. Sandel, The Case against Perfection (2007), ch. 4 “Eugenics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांसिस गाल्टन › 1822–1911
जॉन राल्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Sandel argued that Rawls presupposes an ‘unencumbered self’ choosing its ends prior to attachments, which cannot account for community (Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982). M. J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982; 2nd ed. 1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
कृतियाँ
राल्स के विरुद्ध: अज्ञान के पर्दे के पीछे का आत्म एक “अनिर्बंध आत्म” है, जो उन लगावों और समुदायों से छीला हुआ है जो हमें वह बनाने में मदद करते हैं जो हम हैं – उदारवाद की समुदायवादी आलोचना का आधार-ग्रंथ।
योग्यतातंत्र सफल होने वालों में अहंकार और पीछे छूट जाने वालों में अपमान पैदा करता है; सैंडेल श्रम की गरिमा का सम्मान और साझा हित की राजनीति का आह्वान करते हैं।
मत
“Liberalism and the Limits of Justice” made Sandel a leading critic of Rawls and is counted among the founding texts of communitarianism, a label he himself has resisted. Rawls’s theory, he argued, presupposes an “unencumbered self” that chooses its ends from behind a veil of ignorance, prior to all attachments; but we are “encumbered” selves, partly constituted by the families, communities and traditions to which we belong, and some obligations – of solidarity and membership – are not chosen. Liberal neutrality towards conceptions of the good life is therefore neither possible nor desirable: questions of justice cannot be settled without arguing about what is worth honouring. “Democracy’s Discontent” defended the civic republican tradition of self-government against a merely procedural liberalism. Later books bring this to public life: “The Case against Perfection” argues against genetic enhancement in the name of the “giftedness” of life, “What Money Can’t Buy” warns that markets corrupt goods such as education, health and citizenship, and “The Tyranny of Merit” argues that meritocracy breeds hubris among the winners and humiliation among those left behind.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Michael Sandel (born 1953 in Minneapolis) grew up there and in Los Angeles, studied politics at Brandeis University and went to Balliol College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he wrote his doctorate under Charles Taylor. He has taught at Harvard since 1980 and is Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government. His lecture course “Justice” was the first Harvard course made freely available online and on television and has been watched by tens of millions of people around the world. He served on President George W. Bush’s Council on Bioethics, and he received the Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences in 2018 and the Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture in 2025.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982)
- Democracy’s Discontent (1996)
- The Case against Perfection (2007)
- Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (2009)
- What Money Can’t Buy (2012)
- The Tyranny of Merit (2020)
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