मार्था नस्बॉम
न्यायपूर्ण समाज सुनिश्चित करता है कि हर व्यक्ति वास्तव में कुछ बुनियादी चीज़ें कर और हो सके – और भावनाएँ इस बारे में निर्णय हैं कि क्या मायने रखता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
क्षमता-दृष्टिकोण: न्याय यह पूछता है कि लोग वास्तव में क्या कर पाने और क्या होने में सक्षम हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- क्षमता-दृष्टिकोण
- अच्छाई की नाज़ुकता
- निर्णय के रूप में भावनाएँ
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nussbaum grounded her capabilities approach in Aristotle’s idea of human functioning (‘Nature, Function, and Capability’, 1988) and studied his ethics of fragile goods (The Fragility of Goodness, 1986). M. C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (1986); “Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, suppl. vol. (1988)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
कीटियम का ज़ेनो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nussbaum traced cosmopolitanism to the Stoics, citing Plutarch’s report of Zeno’s Republic, in which all humans are fellow citizens (‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, 1997). M. C. Nussbaum, “Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism”, Journal of Political Philosophy 5 (1997); The Cosmopolitan Tradition (2019); Plutarch, De Alexandri fortuna I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कीटियम का ज़ेनो › लगभग 334–262 ईसा पूर्व
सेनेका
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nussbaum read Seneca’s De ira as Stoic therapy of the passions, treating emotions as judgements open to rational criticism (The Therapy of Desire, 1994). M. C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (1994); Seneca, De ira
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेनेका › लगभग 4 ईसा पूर्व – 65 ईसवी
आइरिस मर्डोक
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nussbaum took up Murdoch’s idea of moral attention as just and loving perception in arguing that novels can do moral philosophy (Love’s Knowledge, 1990). M. C. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature (1990); I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइरिस मर्डोक › 1919–1999
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nussbaum read King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ as turning anger away from retribution towards a shared future, a model of non-retributive justice (Anger and Forgiveness, 2016). M. C. Nussbaum, Anger and Forgiveness: Resentment, Generosity, Justice (2016); M. L. King Jr., “I Have a Dream” (1963)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nussbaum took up Williams’s ‘moral luck’ and his doubts about systematic moral theory in her study of Greek tragedy and ethics (The Fragility of Goodness, 1986). M. C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (1986); B. Williams, “Moral Luck”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 50 (1976)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स › 1929–2003
अमर्त्य सेन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nussbaum took up Sen’s capability approach, which they developed together at WIDER in Helsinki (The Quality of Life, 1993), and gave it a list of central capabilities. M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development (2000)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अमर्त्य सेन › जन्म 1933
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
जॉन राल्स जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nussbaum adopted Rawls’s political liberalism, presenting her list of central capabilities as the possible object of an overlapping consensus (Women and Human Development, 2000). M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nussbaum argued that Rawls’s social contract cannot do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations or animals, and proposed capabilities instead (Frontiers of Justice, 2006). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
पीटर सिंगर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nussbaum objected that Singer’s utilitarian approach to animals aggregates pleasures and pains and neglects the many-sided flourishing of each kind of creature (Frontiers of Justice, 2006, ch. 6). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice (2006), ch. 6; Justice for Animals (2023)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पीटर सिंगर › जन्म 1946
जूडिथ बट्लर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nussbaum objected that Butler’s obscure prose and politics of subversive parody turn feminism away from material injustice and political action (‘The Professor of Parody’, 1999). M. C. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody”, The New Republic, 22 February 1999
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जूडिथ बट्लर › जन्म 1956
कृतियाँ
यूनानी त्रासदी और दर्शन में भाग्य और नीतिशास्त्र।
- 2006न्याय की सीमाएँ
विकलांगता, राष्ट्रीयता, पशु – जहाँ सामाजिक अनुबंध का विचार विफल होता है।
मत
In The Fragility of Goodness Nussbaum argued, through Greek tragedy and philosophy, that a good human life is vulnerable to luck – and that this vulnerability belongs to its value. With Sen she developed the capability approach and gave it a concrete, Aristotelian content: a list of central capabilities, such as life, health, bodily integrity, practical reason and affiliation, that every just society must secure for all citizens up to a threshold. In Frontiers of Justice she argued that social contract theories fail to do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations and animals. Her work on emotions treats them as intelligent judgments about what matters to us. Nussbaum combines classical scholarship with engaged political philosophy.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Nussbaum was born in New York in 1947, studied theatre and classics and took her doctorate at Harvard. She taught at Harvard and Brown and, in the 1980s, worked with Amartya Sen at a UN research institute in Helsinki. Since 1995 she has taught law and ethics at the University of Chicago. She has received numerous honours, including the Kyoto Prize and the Berggruen Prize.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Fragility of Goodness (1986)
- Love’s Knowledge (1990)
- Women and Human Development (2000)
- Upheavals of Thought (2001)
- Frontiers of Justice (2006)
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