मैमोनिदेस
मैमोनिदेस के अनुसार, तोराह और तर्क तब सहमत होते हैं जब तोराह को सही ढंग से पढ़ा जाए – और हम केवल यह कह सकते हैं कि ईश्वर क्या नहीं है, कभी यह नहीं कि वह क्या है।
पृष्ठभूमि
फ़ुस्तात (काहिरा) के दार्शनिक, विधिवेत्ता और चिकित्सक, मध्यकालीन यहूदी दर्शन और विधि के केंद्रीय व्यक्ति: उन्होंने तोराह को अरस्तूवादी तर्क से समन्वित करने की कोशिश की।
मुख्य विचार
- निषेधात्मक धर्मशास्त्र
- धर्मग्रंथ का लाक्षणिक पाठ
- सृष्टि और शाश्वतता, दोनों अप्रमाणित
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Maimonides accepted Aristotle’s account of the sublunary world as demonstrated, but held his arguments for the world’s eternity to be inconclusive (Guide of the Perplexed, c. 1190). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed (c. 1190), tr. S. Pines (1963); SEP “Maimonides”
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
अल-फराबी
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In his letter to the translator Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199) Maimonides advised studying logic only in al-Farabi’s works and praised all his writings as flawless. Maimonides, letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199), ed. I. Shailat, Iggerot ha-Rambam; S. Pines, “The Philosophic Sources of The Guide of the Perplexed” (1963); SEP “Maimonides”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अल-फराबी › लगभग 872–950
अबू अली सीना
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Maimonides took over Avicenna’s distinction between necessary and possible existence for a proof of God and held that existence is an accident of essence (Guide, c. 1190). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed (c. 1190), tr. S. Pines (1963), with Pines’s introduction; SEP “Maimonides”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अबू अली सीना › 980–1037
इब्न बाजा
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Maimonides cited Ibn Bajja (Abu Bakr ibn al-Saigh) in the Guide on astronomy and the intellect, and in his letter to Ibn Tibbon praised him as a philosopher. Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed (c. 1190); letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199); S. Pines, “The Philosophic Sources of The Guide of the Perplexed” (1963)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
इब्न बाजा › लगभग 1085–1138
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
थामस एक्विनास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Aquinas engaged ‘Rabbi Moses’ on the divine names (Summa theologiae I q. 13) and agreed with him that the world’s beginning cannot be demonstrated (I q. 46). Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 13 a. 2, q. 46 aa. 1–2; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.51–60, II.13–25; SEP “Maimonides”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
थामस एक्विनास › लगभग 1225–1274
मास्टर एकहार्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Eckhart often cited ‘Rabbi Moses’ in his Latin works, taking up Maimonides’ negative theology of divine names, notably in his commentary on Exodus. Meister Eckhart, Expositio libri Exodi; SEP “Meister Eckhart”; SEP “Maimonides”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मास्टर एकहार्ट › लगभग 1260–1328
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Leibniz excerpted and annotated Buxtorf’s Latin translation of Maimonides’ Guide, remarking that it was more philosophical than he had expected, and cited its reckoning of good and evil (Guide III.12) in the Theodicy (1710, §§262–263). Leibniz, notes on Doctor perplexorum (between 1677 and 1691), A VI 4, 2484–2497; Theodicy (1710), §§262–263; L. Strickland, Leibniz’ Anthology of Maimonides’ Guide (2022)
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mendelssohn studied Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed from his youth and wrote a Hebrew commentary on Maimonides’ Treatise on Logic (Be’ur Millot ha-Higgayon, 1761). M. Mendelssohn, Be’ur Millot ha-Higgayon (1761); A. Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study (1973); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन › 1729–1786
हेर्मान कोहेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cohen read Maimonides as the rationalist of Jewish ethics (‘Characteristics of Maimonides’ Ethics’, 1908) and drew on him throughout Religion of Reason (1919). H. Cohen, “Charakteristik der Ethik Maimunis”, in W. Bacher et al. (eds.), Moses ben Maimon I (1908); Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums (1919); SEP “Hermann Cohen”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेर्मान कोहेन › 1842–1918
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3
गेर्सोनिदेस (लेवी बेन गेर्शोम) जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gersonides took up questions Maimonides had placed beyond demonstration, such as creation and God’s knowledge of particulars, and argued them philosophically (The Wars of the Lord, 1329). Gersonides, Milhamot ha-Shem (1329); SEP “Gersonides”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Gersonides rejected Maimonides’ view that terms said of God and creatures are wholly equivocal: they apply first to God, derivatively to creatures (Wars of the Lord III.3). Gersonides, Milḥamot ha-Shem (1329) III.3; SEP “Gersonides”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेर्सोनिदेस (लेवी बेन गेर्शोम) › 1288–1344
हस्दाई क्रेस्कास
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Crescas held against Maimonides’ intellectualism that the soul’s end is the love of God rather than knowledge, and criticised his Aristotelian proofs of God (Or Adonai, 1410). Ḥasdai Crescas, Or Adonai (1410) I–II; SEP “Hasdai Crescas”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हस्दाई क्रेस्कास › लगभग 1340–1411
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Spinoza knew Maimonides’ Guide closely; H. A. Wolfson (1934) traced much of the Ethics’ vocabulary of God and the intellect to it and other medieval Jewish sources. H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza (1934); SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Spinoza rejected Maimonides’ rule that Scripture must be read allegorically wherever it conflicts with reason, which bent the Bible to Aristotle (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670, ch. 7). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), ch. 7; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed II.25; SEP “Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
इसहाक इज़राइली
जिनकी आलोचना की
Maimonides wrote to his translator Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199) that Isaac Israeli’s Book of Definitions and Book of Elements were idle fancies, since Isaac had been only a physician. Maimonides, letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon (1199), ed. A. Marx, JQR 25 (1935); Altmann and Stern 1958, introduction
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इसहाक इज़राइली › लगभग 855–955
अल-अशअरी
जिनकी आलोचना की
Maimonides criticised the premises of the Asharite mutakallimun – atoms, accidents re-created at every instant, anything imaginable as possible – as distorting nature (Guide I.71–76). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.71–76, tr. S. Pines, 1963; SEP “Maimonides”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अल-अशअरी › लगभग 874–936
सादिया गाओन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Maimonides criticised the Geonim who took over the Kalam proofs of creation – a group usually taken to include Saadia, whom he does not name (Guide I.71). Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.71; H. A. Davidson, Proofs for Eternity, Creation and the Existence of God, 1987
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सादिया गाओन › 882–942
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 1190भटके हुओं का मार्गदर्शक
यहूदी-अरबी में एक ऐसे शिष्य के लिए लिखा गया जो तोराह के शाब्दिक अर्थ और दर्शन के टकराव से भ्रमित था: शास्त्र को लाक्षणिक रूप से पढ़ा जाना चाहिए और ईश्वर का वर्णन केवल निषेधात्मक रूप से; कि संसार शाश्वत है, यह अरस्तू ने सिद्ध नहीं किया।
मत
Maimonides wrote his Guide for the Perplexed for readers torn between the Torah and Aristotelian philosophy. He showed that biblical language about God – that he sits, sees or is angry – must be read figuratively. Of God we can say only what he is not: his negative theology holds that every positive attribute would limit the one God. On whether the world is eternal, he argued that neither side can be strictly proven and chose creation, which leaves room for a free God and for miracles. His codification of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah, remains authoritative, and his philosophy influenced Aquinas, Spinoza and Jewish thought to this day.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Moses ben Maimon was born in Córdoba in 1138. Fleeing Almohad persecution, his family moved through Spain and North Africa before settling around 1166 in Fustat near Cairo. There he became the leader of the Jewish community and a physician at the court of Saladin’s vizier, while writing major works of law and philosophy. He died in 1204.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Commentary on the Mishnah (1168)
- Mishneh Torah (c. 1180)
- The Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘अरस्तू की यात्रा’ · 9 में से पड़ाव 7
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है