योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर
हर जन और हर युग की अपनी भाषा, संस्कृति और मूल्य है, और किसी को दूसरे के मानदंडों से नहीं आँका जाना चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
भाषा, संस्कृति और इतिहास: हर युग और हर जाति का अपना मूल्य है।
मुख्य विचार
- भाषा की उत्पत्ति
- मानवता
- सांस्कृतिक विविधता
गुरु: इमानुएल कांट
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In God: Some Conversations (1787) Herder defended Spinoza against Jacobi’s charge of atheism, reinterpreting his substance as the primal force active in all things. J. G. Herder, Gott. Einige Gespräche (1787); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Herder took over Leibniz’s concept of living force and his doctrine of obscure perceptions, on which On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul (1778) builds. J. G. Herder, Vom Erkennen und Empfinden der menschlichen Seele (1778); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनसे प्रभावित
In his Journal of My Voyage in 1769 Herder sketched Rousseauian plans of education, and his Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772) argued with Rousseau’s Second Discourse. J. G. Herder, Journal meiner Reise im Jahr 1769 (publ. 1846); Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (1772); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
फ़्रीडरिश श्लेगल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Schlegel reviewed the seventh and eighth collections of Herder’s Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (1796), engaging with Herder’s historical view of ancient and modern poetry. F. Schlegel, review of J. G. Herder, Briefe zu Beförderung der Humanität, seventh and eighth collections (1796), in Kritische Friedrich-Schlegel-Ausgabe II; SEP “Friedrich Schlegel”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश श्लेगल › 1772–1829
अर्न्स्ट कासिरर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cassirer read Herder’s theory of the origin of language from reflection (Besonnenheit) as a forerunner of his philosophy of symbolic forms (Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I, 1923). E. Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I: Die Sprache (1923); Die Philosophie der Aufklärung (1932); J. G. Herder, Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (1772); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अर्न्स्ट कासिरर › 1874–1945
आइज़ैया बर्लिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Berlin read Herder as a founder of cultural pluralism and expressionism, for whom each culture has its own centre of gravity (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); Three Critics of the Enlightenment (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइज़ैया बर्लिन › 1909–1997
चार्ल्स टेलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Taylor took from Herder the expressive-constitutive view of language, setting a ‘Hamann-Herder-Humboldt’ theory against designative theories of meaning (The Language Animal, 2016). C. Taylor, The Language Animal (2016); “The Importance of Herder”, in E. and A. Margalit (eds.), Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration (1991)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स टेलर › जन्म 1931
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
इमानुएल कांट जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Herder studied at Königsberg from 1762 to 1764 and attended Kant’s lectures, among them those on metaphysics and moral philosophy; Kant gave him special privileges, and Herder’s notes on the metaphysics and ethics lectures are printed in the Academy edition. SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”; Kant, Gesammelte Schriften (Akademie-Ausgabe), vols. 27–28 (Herder’s lecture notes)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Herder rejected dividing humanity into races, seeing only shades of one species (Ideas II, 1785), and in his Metacritique (1799) attacked Kant’s split of sensibility and understanding. J. G. Herder, Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit II (1785), book 7, ch. 1; Verstand und Erfahrung. Eine Metakritik zur Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1799); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कृतियाँ
भाषा मानवीय आविष्कार है जो चिंतन से उपजता है।
भाषा के बिना कोई तर्क नहीं – कांट के विशुद्ध रूपों के विरुद्ध।
मत
Herder argued that reason is never pure: it lives in language, and language grows out of the life of a people. Against the idea of a divine origin of speech he showed that humans create language from their own reflective awareness. Each culture, he held, has its own centre of gravity and must be understood from within rather than measured against a single standard such as Enlightenment Paris. History thus becomes a plural process of growth aimed at “humanity”. These ideas shaped Romanticism, historicism and hermeneutics, and anticipated modern linguistics and anthropology – though his notion of a people’s spirit was later misused by nationalists.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Mohrungen in East Prussia, Herder studied in Königsberg, where he heard Kant and befriended Johann Georg Hamann. After years as a preacher and teacher in Riga and a formative meeting with the young Goethe in Strasbourg, he spent most of his life in Weimar as the leading churchman of the duchy, at the heart of German classicism.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772)
- This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity (1774)
- Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity (1784–1791)
- Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (1793–1797)
- Metacritique of the Critique of Pure Reason (1799)
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