بول فايراباند
لا منهج علمي واحد: فقد كسرت التقدمات الكبرى القواعد المقبولة، والقاعدة الوحيدة التي تصدق دائمًا هي «كل شيء مباح» الساخرة.
التموضع
«ضد المنهج» (1975): لا قاعدة منهجية تصمد بلا استثناء – والوحيدة الباقية هي «كل شيء مباح» الساخرة؛ وسمّى ذلك الفوضوية المعرفية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- كل شيء مباح
- التعددية المنهجية
الأساتذة: كارل بوبر
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
جون ستيوارت مل
تأثّر بـ
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون ستيوارت مل › 1806–1873
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين
تأثّر بـ
Feyerabend, who had planned to study with Wittgenstein in Cambridge, gave an early long account of the Philosophical Investigations (‘Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations’, 1955). P. K. Feyerabend, “Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations”, Philosophical Review 64 (1955); Killing Time (1995); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
توماس كون
تأثّر بـ
At Berkeley Feyerabend commented on Kuhn’s draft of Structure (letters, 1960–61); both introduced ‘incommensurability’ in 1962, and Feyerabend later criticised Kuhn’s normal science (‘Consolations for the Specialist’, 1970). P. Hoyningen-Huene (ed.), “Two Letters of Paul Feyerabend to Thomas S. Kuhn on a Draft of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 26 (1995); P. K. Feyerabend, “Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism” (1962); “Consolations for the Specialist” (1970); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
توماس كون › 1922–1996
النقد
ينتقد 2
كارل بوبر تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Feyerabend came to the London School of Economics in 1952–53 on a British Council scholarship to study with Popper – he had hoped to work with Wittgenstein, who died in 1951 – and defended Popper’s views for some years before turning against them. P. Feyerabend, Killing Time (1995)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
انتقد
Feyerabend argued that Popper’s falsificationism, applied strictly, would have wiped out science, since every theory conflicts with some known facts (Against Method, 1975, ch. 5). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 5; “Consolations for the Specialist”, in I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل بوبر › 1902–1994
إمره لاكاتوش تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ ✓
Feyerabend dedicated Against Method (1975) to Lakatos, ‘friend and fellow-anarchist’, as his half of a planned joint debate book, For and Against Method (publ. 1999). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); I. Lakatos and P. K. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (ed. M. Motterlini, 1999); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
انتقد
Feyerabend argued that Lakatos’s methodology of research programmes is ‘anarchism in disguise’, since it gives no rule for when a degenerating programme must be abandoned (Against Method, 1975). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 16 (the book is dedicated to Lakatos); I. Lakatos & P. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (1999)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إمره لاكاتوش › 1922–1974
الأعمال
- 1975ضد المنهج
كل شيء مباح: العلم بوصفه مشروعًا فوضويًا.
الموقف
Feyerabend started as a Popperian and became the most provocative critic of scientific method. Studying episodes like Galileo’s defence of Copernicus, he argued that great scientific advances often succeeded precisely because researchers broke the rules philosophers had laid down for them. There is no single method that guarantees progress; if any principle holds in all circumstances it is the deliberately ironic “anything goes.” This epistemological anarchism was meant less as chaos than as a plea for pluralism: competing theories, traditions and ways of life should keep each other honest. Feyerabend also demanded that democratic societies should not leave the authority of science unchecked. His writings remain a challenge to every claim of methodological monopoly.
الحياة والسياق
Feyerabend was born in Vienna in 1924 and was badly wounded as a soldier in the Second World War. After studies in Vienna, where he also pursued singing and theatre, he went to London to work with Popper. From 1958 he taught at Berkeley for more than three decades, later also at ETH Zurich. He wrote a frank autobiography, Killing Time, shortly before his death.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Against Method (1975)
- Science in a Free Society (1978)
- Farewell to Reason (1987)
- Killing Time (1995)
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