Agoraساحة مفتوحة للفكر

جيرمي بنثام

1748–1832

مدخل أولتبسيط مقصود – واللمحة تقول أكثر

الفعل الصحيح هو الذي يحقق أكبر سعادة لأكبر عدد – ويمكن قياس اللذة والألم ومقارنتهما.

التموضع

التجريبية والتنوير والليبرالية · أوروبا الشمالية · الأخلاق, السياسة والقانون

مؤسس النفعية الكلاسيكية: أكبر قدر من السعادة لأكبر عدد هو مقياس القانون والأخلاق.

الأفكار الرئيسة

  • مبدأ المنفعة
  • حساب اللذة
  • البانوبتيكون

التلاميذ: جون ستيوارت مل

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التأثير

تأثّر بـ 2

  • ديفيد هيوم

    تأثّر بـ

    On reading Hume’s Treatise, Bentham felt ‘as if scales had fallen’ from his eyes: utility was the test of virtue (A Fragment on Government, 1776). J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”

    التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO

    ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776

  • سيزاري بيكاريا

    تأثّر بـ

    Bentham took up Beccaria’s formula of ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ and his case for proportionate punishment (Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); H. L. A. Hart, “Bentham and Beccaria”, in Essays on Bentham (1982)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    سيزاري بيكاريا › 1738–1794

أثّر في 4

  • جون ستيوارت مل علّم

    علّم ✓

    Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4

    التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata

    جون ستيوارت مل › 1806–1873

  • هنري سيدجويك

    أثّر في

    Sidgwick took Bentham’s utilitarianism, with its impartial count of everyone’s happiness, as one of the three methods he examined in The Methods of Ethics (1874). H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”

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    هنري سيدجويك › 1838–1900

  • ليانغ تشي تشاو

    أثّر في

    In 1902 Liang introduced Bentham’s utilitarianism to Chinese readers in Xinmin congbao (“The Doctrine of Bentham, Master of Utilitarianism”), reworking it rather than simply adopting it. Liang Qichao, “Leli zhuyi taidou Bianqin zhi xueshuo”, Xinmin congbao (1902)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    ليانغ تشي تشاو › 1873–1929

  • بيتر سنجر

    أثّر في

    Singer made Bentham’s question ‘Can they suffer?’ and the maxim, ascribed to Bentham, that each counts for one the basis of equal consideration for animals (Animal Liberation, 1975). P. Singer, Animal Liberation (1975); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”; SEP “The Moral Status of Animals”

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    بيتر سنجر › وُلد 1946

النقد

انتقده 3

  • هربرت سبنسر

    انتقده

    Spencer objected that Bentham’s greatest-happiness principle gives no guidance, since happiness is undefinable, and put the law of equal freedom in its place (Social Statics, 1851). H. Spencer, Social Statics (1851), Introduction (“The Doctrine of Expediency”), ch. 4

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    هربرت سبنسر › 1820–1903

  • جون رولز

    انتقده

    Rawls objected that Bentham’s classical utilitarianism applies one person’s principle of choice to society and ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5–6, 30

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    جون رولز › 1921–2002

  • بيرنارد وليمز

    انتقده

    Williams argued that utilitarianism as founded by Bentham sums welfare impersonally and leaves no room for agents’ own projects and integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), ch. 5

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    بيرنارد وليمز › 1929–2003

ينتقد 1

  • جون لوك تأثّر بـ

    تأثّر بـ

    Building on the empiricist psychology of Locke and Hume, Bentham took pleasure and pain as the ultimate motives and measures of action (Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); IEP “Jeremy Bentham”

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    انتقد

    Bentham dismissed the original contract as a fiction (against Blackstone, 1776) and natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’ (against the French Declaration), both central to Locke. J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776), ch. I §§36–48; Nonsense upon Stilts (written c. 1795); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    جون لوك › 1632–1704

الأعمال

الموقف

Bentham held that nature has placed mankind under two masters, pain and pleasure. The principle of utility follows: actions and laws are right insofar as they produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Pleasures and pains can in principle be measured by intensity, duration, certainty and other dimensions, in a “felicific calculus”. On this basis Bentham criticised traditional law, called natural rights “nonsense upon stilts” and advocated reforms of the penal system, democracy, legal codification and animal welfare. His design for the Panopticon prison later became a symbol of surveillance through Foucault. He founded classical utilitarianism, refined by his pupil John Stuart Mill.

الحياة والسياق

Born in London in 1748, Bentham entered Oxford at twelve and trained as a lawyer but never practised; he devoted his life to reforming law and institutions. Financially independent, he wrote enormous quantities of manuscripts and gathered reformers such as James Mill around him. His ideas shaped the spirit of University College London, where his preserved body is still displayed. He died in 1832.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

  • A Fragment on Government (1776)
  • An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
  • Panopticon (1791)
  • Constitutional Code (1830)

يرد في

المصادر: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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