أشعيا برلين
أن يُترك المرء وشأنه وأن يكون سيّد نفسه نوعان مختلفان من الحرية، ويمكن أن يُحرَّف الثاني إلى إجبار الناس على أن يكونوا أحرارًا؛ وقد تتصادم القيم الحسنة تصادمًا حقيقيًا.
التموضع
مؤرخ أفكار من أكسفورد وُلد في ريغا: يجب فصل الحرية السلبية (التحرر من التدخل) عن الحرية الإيجابية (التحكم بالذات) التي يمكن أن تتحول إلى رخصة للإكراه؛ والقيم الإنسانية كثيرة ويمكن أن تتعارض حقًّا.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مفهومان للحرية
- تعددية القيم
- القنفذ والثعلب
- مناهضة التنوير
التلاميذ: تشارلز تيلور
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
جيامباتيستا فيكو
تأثّر بـ
Berlin read Vico as the discoverer of a distinct kind of historical understanding: knowing from within what humans themselves have made (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); G. Vico, Scienza nuova (1725; 1744)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيامباتيستا فيكو › 1668–1744
يوهان جوتفريد هردر
تأثّر بـ
Berlin read Herder as a founder of cultural pluralism and expressionism, for whom each culture has its own centre of gravity (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); Three Critics of the Enlightenment (2000)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يوهان جوتفريد هردر › 1744–1803
جون ستيوارت مل
تأثّر بـ
Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون ستيوارت مل › 1806–1873
ألكسندر هيرزن
تأثّر بـ
Berlin presented Herzen as a forerunner of pluralism who refused to sacrifice living people to historical abstractions (‘Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty’, 1955; Russian Thinkers, 1978). I. Berlin, “Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty” (1955); “Alexander Herzen” (1956); Russian Thinkers (1978)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألكسندر هيرزن › 1812–1870
أثّر في 1
جون رولز
أثّر في
Rawls attended Berlin’s seminars in Oxford (1952–53) and later adopted his view that no social world can realise all values without loss (Political Liberalism, 1993). J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993); I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); T. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (2007)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون رولز › 1921–2002
النقد
انتقده 1
تشارلز تيلور علّم
علّم
Taylor wrote his Oxford DPhil (1961) under Isaiah Berlin’s supervision; it became The Explanation of Behaviour (1964). He later contributed ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’ (1979) to Berlin’s Festschrift. R. Abbey, Charles Taylor (2000); C. Taylor, The Explanation of Behaviour (1964)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
انتقده
Taylor argued against Berlin that freedom is not an ‘opportunity concept’ but an ‘exercise concept’ requiring us to discriminate among our motivations (‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’, 1979). C. Taylor, “What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty”, in A. Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (1979)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز تيلور › وُلد 1931
ينتقد 4
جان جاك روسو
انتقد
Berlin saw in Rousseau’s general will, which can ‘force’ a citizen ‘to be free’, a source of positive liberty turned into coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), I.7
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
يوهان غوتليب فيشته
انتقد
Berlin counted Fichte among the ‘enemies of human liberty’: his true self, merged with the nation, made positive liberty a licence for coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يوهان غوتليب فيشته › 1762–1814
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
انتقد
Berlin held that Hegel’s identification of freedom with understanding rational necessity, embodied in the state, turned positive liberty into a justification of coercion (‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, 1958). I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
كارل ماركس
انتقد
Berlin rejected the historical determinism he found in Marx, which dissolves individual choice and responsibility into impersonal historical forces (‘Historical Inevitability’, 1954). I. Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Auguste Comte Memorial Lecture, 1954); Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
الأعمال
مقال في رؤية تولستوي للتاريخ: الثعلب يعرف أشياء كثيرة والقنفذ يعرف شيئًا كبيرًا واحدًا – وكان تولستوي ثعلبًا أراد أن يكون قنفذًا.
محاضرة تنصيب في أكسفورد: الحرية السلبية بوصفها التحرر من التدخل، والحرية الإيجابية بوصفها سيطرة على الذات – وكيف يمكن للثانية أن تبرر الإكراه.
الموقف
Berlin began among the Oxford philosophers of language and turned to the history of ideas. His biography of Karl Marx (1939) was followed by essays on Russian thinkers, on the Enlightenment and on its critics – Vico, Herder, Hamann and de Maistre, whom he called the Counter-Enlightenment. “Historical Inevitability” (1954) attacked theories of history that excuse individuals from responsibility. His Oxford inaugural lecture, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958), distinguished negative liberty, the area within which a person is left alone by others, from positive liberty, being one’s own master. He argued that the second idea, through talk of a “true” or “higher” self, has repeatedly been used to justify coercing people for their own good, and he traced this in Rousseau, Fichte, Hegel and Marx. Behind this stood his value pluralism: human values such as liberty, equality, justice and mercy are many, are not reducible to one another and can genuinely conflict, so that no political order can realise them all. Charles Taylor, whom he supervised, criticised his defence of negative liberty, and others questioned whether value pluralism supports liberalism at all. The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953), an essay on Tolstoy, made his distinction between thinkers with one system and thinkers of many things widely known.
الحياة والسياق
Isaiah Berlin was born in 1909 in Riga into a Russian-Jewish family of timber merchants. As a child he saw the revolutions of 1917 in Petrograd; the family left in 1920 and settled in Britain in 1921. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1932 was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls. During the war he worked for British Information Services in New York and at the embassy in Washington, whose weekly political reports he drafted, and in 1945 he met the poet Anna Akhmatova in Leningrad. From 1957 to 1967 he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, and he was the founding president of Wolfson College, Oxford. He was knighted in 1957, received the Order of Merit in 1971 and died in Oxford in 1997.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
- Historical Inevitability (1954)
- Vico and Herder (1976)
- Russian Thinkers (1978)
- The Crooked Timber of Humanity (1990)
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