هنري سيدجويك
من وجهة نظر الكون تُحسب سعادة كل إنسان بالتساوي – لكن العقل لا يستطيع أن يثبت أن المصلحة الذاتية ينبغي أن تفسح المجال لها.
التموضع
يقارن «مناهج الأخلاق» بين الأنانية والحدسانية والنفعية مقارنةً منهجية؛ وهو جسر إلى مور وراولز وبارفيت.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- وجهة نظر الكون
- ثنائية العقل العملي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
إيمانويل كانط
تأثّر بـ
In The Methods of Ethics (1874) Sidgwick accepted Kant’s universalisability principle as a self-evident axiom of justice, holding that alone it cannot settle what we ought to do. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); “The Kantian Conception of Free Will”, Mind (1888); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
جيرمي بنثام
تأثّر بـ
Sidgwick took Bentham’s utilitarianism, with its impartial count of everyone’s happiness, as one of the three methods he examined in The Methods of Ethics (1874). H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جيرمي بنثام › 1748–1832
جون ستيوارت مل
تأثّر بـ
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون ستيوارت مل › 1806–1873
أثّر في 4
جورج إدوارد مور
أثّر في
Moore credited Sidgwick, his Cambridge teacher, with seeing that the basic ethical notion is indefinable, and argued at length with the Methods of Ethics in Principia Ethica (1903). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”; SEP “Moore’s Moral Philosophy”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج إدوارد مور › 1873–1958
جون سمارت
أثّر في
Smart rested his act utilitarianism on an ultimate attitude of generalised benevolence, close to Sidgwick’s axiom of benevolence (‘An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics’, 1961). J. J. C. Smart, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics (1961); J. J. C. Smart and B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون سمارت › 1920–2012
ديريك بارفيت
أثّر في
Parfit took up Sidgwick’s ‘dualism of practical reason’ between egoism and impartial benevolence and sought to resolve it (Reasons and Persons, 1984; On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); On What Matters (2011); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديريك بارفيت › 1942–2017
بيتر سنجر
أثّر في
With de Lazari-Radek, Singer defended Sidgwick’s utilitarianism, his ‘point of view of the universe’ and intuitionist method, and argued the dualism of practical reason can be resolved (2014). K. de Lazari-Radek and P. Singer, The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (2014); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بيتر سنجر › وُلد 1946
النقد
انتقده 2
إليزابيث أنسكوم
انتقده
Anscombe faulted Sidgwick for denying any moral difference between intended and foreseen consequences, the step that opened the way to what she named ‘consequentialism’ (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19; H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إليزابيث أنسكوم › 1919–2001
جون رولز أثّر في
أثّر في
Rawls modelled his comparison of moral conceptions on Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics (A Theory of Justice, 1971) and wrote a foreword to its 1981 reissue. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Rawls took Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as the classic statement of utilitarianism, whose impartial sympathetic spectator merges all persons into one (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5, 30; foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
الأعمال
الأنانية والحدسية والنفعية – في مقارنة منهجية.
الموقف
Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics examines with great care the three main ways in which we decide what we ought to do: egoism, intuitionism and utilitarianism. He found that our considered moral intuitions, properly refined, support utilitarianism, and that reason recognises self-evident axioms such as impartiality – the good of one person counts no more, from “the point of view of the universe”, than that of another. Yet he could not refute egoism, and saw a “dualism of practical reason” between self-interest and universal benevolence. His careful method of weighing intuitions made him a direct ancestor of Moore, Rawls, Parfit and Singer.
الحياة والسياق
Born in Skipton, Yorkshire, in 1838, Henry Sidgwick studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and taught there. In 1869 he resigned his fellowship because he could no longer affirm the Anglican articles of faith. In 1883 he became Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy. He helped found Newnham College for women and co-founded the Society for Psychical Research. He died in 1900.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Principles of Political Economy (1883)
- Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886)
- The Elements of Politics (1891)
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