苏珊·斯泰宾

作品

• 1930现代逻辑导论

  最早把传统逻辑与怀特海和罗素《数学原理》中的新逻辑（包括罗素的摹状词理论）结合起来的英语教科书之一，并附有对科学方法的讨论；1933年修订。

• 1933逻辑实证主义与分析

  在英国国家学术院的演讲，它把剑桥所实践的分析——从我们已经知道的东西出发，寻求其最终构成成分——与逻辑实证主义者对形式系统的构造区分开来；她反对卡尔纳普，拒斥方法论的唯我论。

• 1939有效思维

  一本鹈鹕丛书，源于BBC向她约请、而她因病未能讲授的一组系列讲座：书中分析政治演说和报纸中的论证——其中包括“罐装思维”（potted thinking），即未经思考、以压缩形式接受过来的信念——并坚信民主需要能够清晰思考的公民。

立场

Stebbing is on the map as a logician and as a representative of the Cambridge school of analysis between the wars. Her “A Modern Introduction to Logic” (1930) was one of the first textbooks in English to present the new logic of Principia Mathematica alongside traditional logic. In “The Method of Analysis in Metaphysics” (1932) and “Logical Positivism and Analysis” (1933) she distinguished “directional” analysis, which starts from facts we already know and seeks their ultimate constituents, from the “postulational” method of building formal systems; against Carnap she rejected the constructional systems of the logical positivists and their methodological solipsism, and she held that they put the question of meaning before the question of truth. In “Philosophy and the Physicists” (1937) she criticised the astronomers Arthur Eddington and James Jeans for drawing idealist conclusions from modern physics in their popular books. “Thinking to Some Purpose” (1939), written for a broad public on the eve of war, analysed the arguments of politicians and newspapers and argued that democracy depends on citizens who can think clearly; “Ideals and Illusions” (1941) turned to moral and political ideals. Early accounts saw her mainly as a follower of Moore; recent research (M. Beaney, S. Chapman) stresses her own positions and her link to the later philosophy of ordinary language, and Max Black took an excerpt from “Thinking to Some Purpose” into his textbook “Critical Thinking” (1946).

生平与背景

Lizzie Susan Stebbing was born on 2 December 1885 in North Finchley near London. In 1904 she went to Girton College, Cambridge, to read history and then took the first part of the Moral Sciences Tripos; in 1912 she gained an MA in moral science at King’s College London with a thesis published in 1914 as “Pragmatism and French Voluntarism”. After short and part-time posts she became a lecturer at Bedford College, London, in 1920, and in 1933 professor there – the first woman in Britain to hold a full professorship in philosophy. She was president of the Mind Association (1931–32) and of the Aristotelian Society (1933–34), and in 1933 among the founders of the journal “Analysis”. In 1934 she invited Rudolf Carnap to lecture in London, where he met Russell and A. J. Ayer for the first time. In the 1930s she gave much time, influence and money to rescuing refugee scholars and children from Germany and the countries occupied by the Nazi regime. She died of cancer on 11 September 1943 at Northwood, Middlesex.

其他主要作品

• Pragmatism and French Voluntarism (1914)
• A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930, rev. 1933)
• The Method of Analysis in Metaphysics (1932)
• Logical Positivism and Analysis (1933)
• Logic in Practice (1934)
• Philosophy and the Physicists (1937)
• Thinking to Some Purpose (1939)
• Ideals and Illusions (1941)
• A Modern Elementary Logic (1943)
• Men and Moral Principles (posthumous, 1944)