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鲁道夫·赫尔曼·陆宰

1817–1881

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陆宰认为，一个思想的有效性有别于它在其中出现的心理事件，而世界以善为根基，这是一种唯物论无法从自然事实中推出的价值。

定位

德国唯心主义及其后继者 · 西欧 · 形而上学, 逻辑学, 认识论

哥廷根的哲学家和医生，他把思想的有效性与其心理起源区分开来，并以价值的目的论观念论对抗唯物论；他的《逻辑学》（1874年）为弗雷格和胡塞尔所读。

核心思想

  • 有效性（Geltung）有别于心理事件
  • 以善为世界根据的目的论观念论

学生: 戈特洛布·弗雷格, 威廉·文德尔班

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影响

影响了 4

  • 戈特洛布·弗雷格 教过

    教过

    Frege heard Lotze’s lectures on the philosophy of religion at Göttingen, the only philosophy course he took there, though Potter finds no philosophical teacher of central importance in Frege’s education. M. Potter, “Introduction”, in Potter and Ricketts (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Frege (2010), p. 1; SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan) names Frege a direct student

    依据: AI 草稿

    影响了

    Frege’s early set of key sentences about logic is a response to Lotze’s Logic of 1874, taking up the separation of thoughts from ideas but grounding it in the objectivity of truth rather than in value. M. Potter, “Introduction”, Cambridge Companion to Frege (2010), pp. 2–3, after M. Dummett, Frege and Other Philosophers (1991) and F. Hovens, History and Philosophy of Logic 18 (1997)

    依据: AI 草稿

    戈特洛布·弗雷格 › 1848–1925

  • 威廉·文德尔班 教过

    教过

    Windelband studied with Lotze in Göttingen and wrote his 1870 dissertation under Lotze’s supervision. SEP “Wilhelm Windelband” (K. Kinzel), §1; SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan)

    依据: AI 草稿

    威廉·文德尔班 › 1848–1915

  • 埃德蒙德·胡塞尔

    影响了

    Husserl took up Lotze’s early opposition to psychologism and his separation of validity from mental acts. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan), §§4.2–4.3

    依据: AI 草稿

    埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938

  • 伯特兰·罗素

    影响了

    Early Russell, like early Moore, was shaped by British idealists who had taken over Lotze’s logic and metaphysics. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan), §2

    依据: AI 草稿

    伯特兰·罗素 › 1872–1970

作品

  • 1856小宇宙

    陆宰的三卷本人类学（1856—1864年），论自然与人类的历史：他把人置于自然之中，从身体和灵魂一直到历史，并以一种以善为世界根据的观念论来对抗唯物论。

  • 1874逻辑学

    较大的《逻辑学》，陆宰《哲学体系》的第一部分：无论我们在怎样的心理事件中思考，思想都是有效的，而有效性（Geltung）是一种独特的存在方式；弗雷格和胡塞尔读过它。

立场

Lotze is on the map as the philosopher who separated the validity of thoughts from their psychological origin and thereby prepared both neo-Kantianism and the critique of psychologism. In the Logic of 1874 thoughts hold whatever the mental events in which they occur, and validity (Geltung) is a way of being of its own; his students Windelband and Frege took up this thought, and Husserl and Heidegger engaged with it. Lotze opposed materialism and the notion of a vital force, treated teleology in biology as a regulative principle, and argued that value cannot be derived from scientific fact. His own metaphysics is an ethical, objective idealism in which the good is the ground of the world; its popular statement is the three-volume Microcosmus (1856–64). Through British idealists his logic and metaphysics shaped the early Russell and Moore, and his influence reached James and Royce. Frege’s early notes on logic respond to the Logic, and Lask credited Lotze with a version of the two-world dualism that he himself wanted to overcome.

生平与背景

Hermann Lotze was born on 21 May 1817 in Bautzen. He studied medicine and philosophy in Leipzig, where he met Gustav Theodor Fechner, and took degrees in both subjects in 1838. He practised and taught medicine in Leipzig and in 1844 succeeded Johann Friedrich Herbart in Göttingen, where he taught for 36 years and was made a privy councillor in 1876. In 1880 he accepted a call to Berlin and died there on 1 July 1881. He was buried in Göttingen.

其他主要作品

  • Metaphysics (Metaphysik, 1841) and Logic (Logik, 1843), the shorter versions
  • Medical Psychology (Medicinische Psychologie, 1852)
  • Microcosmus (Mikrokosmus, 1856–64)
  • Logic (Logik, 1874)
  • Metaphysics (Metaphysik, 1879)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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