Edmund Husserl
Odłóż na bok założenia o tym, czy świat istnieje, i opisz dokładnie, jak rzeczy ukazują się świadomości – od tego filozofia musi zacząć.
Umiejscowienie
Twórca fenomenologii: „Do rzeczy samych!” Zawieszenie świata (epoche) odsłania struktury świadomości.
Kluczowe idee
- Intencjonalność
- Epoche
- Świat życia
Nauczyciele: Wilhelm Wundt, Franz Brentano
Uczniowie: Tanabe Hajime, Martin Heidegger, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Edith Stein, Roman Ingarden, Herbert Marcuse, Hans Jonas, Emmanuel Levinas, Jan Patočka
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 10
Budda Siakjamuni
pod wpływem
Husserl praised K. E. Neumann’s translation of the Buddha’s discourses in a short text of 1925; in the manuscript “Socrates – Buddha” (1926) he read the Buddha’s path as a transcendental turn akin to the phenomenological epoché. E. Husserl, “Über die Reden Gotamo Buddhos” (1925), Hua XXVII, pp. 125–126; “Sokrates – Buddha” (1926), ed. S. Luft, Husserl Studies 26 (2010)
Źródło: szkic AI
Budda Siakjamuni › ok. 480–400 p.n.e. · datowane umownie 563–483 p.n.e.
Augustyn z Hippony
pod wpływem
Husserl opened his lectures on inner time-consciousness (1905; ed. Heidegger, 1928) with Augustine’s Confessions XI and closed the Cartesian Meditations (1931) with his ‘in te redi’. E. Husserl, Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewußtseins (ed. M. Heidegger, 1928); Méditations cartésiennes (1931); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Augustyn z Hippony › 354–430
Kartezjusz
pod wpływem
In the Cartesian Meditations (1931) Husserl radicalised Descartes’s way to the ego cogito into transcendental phenomenology, rejecting the ego as a thinking substance. E. Husserl, Méditations cartésiennes (1931); Cartesianische Meditationen (1950); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Kartezjusz › 1596–1650
Immanuel Kant
pod wpływem ✓
Husserl took up Kant’s transcendental question (Ideas I, 1913) but faulted his constructions not drawn from intuition (‘Kant und die Idee der Transzendentalphilosophie’, 1924; Krisis, 1936). E. Husserl, Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie I (1913); “Kant und die Idee der Transzendentalphilosophie” (1924; publ. 1956); Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften (1936); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Bernard Bolzano
pod wpływem ✓
Husserl took from Bolzano’s Wissenschaftslehre (1837) the propositions and truths in themselves, ideal unities independent of thinking, for his critique of psychologism (Prolegomena, 1900). E. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen I: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (1900); B. Bolzano, Wissenschaftslehre (1837); SEP “Bernard Bolzano”
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Bernard Bolzano › 1781–1848
Franz Brentano nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
After his doctorate in mathematics, Husserl attended Brentano’s lectures in Vienna from 1884 to 1886, which decided him for philosophy; Brentano recommended him to his pupil Carl Stumpf in Halle, where Husserl habilitated (1887). SEP “Edmund Husserl”; E. Husserl, “Erinnerungen an Franz Brentano”, in O. Kraus, Franz Brentano (1919)
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Franz Brentano › 1838–1917
Pokaż wszystko (10)Pokaż mniej
Hermann Lotze
pod wpływem
Husserl took up Lotze’s early opposition to psychologism and his separation of validity from mental acts. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan), §§4.2–4.3
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Hermann Lotze › 1817–1881
Tomasz Garrigue Masaryk
pod wpływem
Masaryk, whom Husserl met in Leipzig (1876), advised him to study with Brentano in Vienna (1884–86) and influenced his turn to Christianity (baptism 1886). K. Schuhmann, Husserl-Chronik (1977); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Tomasz Garrigue Masaryk › 1850–1937
Christian von Ehrenfels
pod wpływem
In Philosophy of Arithmetic (1891) Husserl related his ‘figural moments’, the unitary character of sensory groups, to Ehrenfels’s Gestalt qualities, published the year before (1890). E. Husserl, Philosophie der Arithmetik (1891); C. von Ehrenfels, “Über Gestaltqualitäten”, Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie 14 (1890); SEP “Christian von Ehrenfels”
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Christian von Ehrenfels › 1859–1932
Kazimierz Twardowski
pod wpływem
Husserl answered Twardowski’s distinction of content and object (1894) in the manuscript ‘Intentionale Gegenstände’ (1894; publ. 1979), rejecting immanent objects, a step toward the Logical Investigations (1900–01). K. Twardowski, Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen (1894); E. Husserl, “Intentionale Gegenstände” (1894; publ. 1979); SEP “Kazimierz Twardowski”
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Kazimierz Twardowski › 1866–1938
Wpływ na 27
Rudolf Carnap
wpływ na ✓
Carnap grounded intuitive space on Husserl’s eidetic intuition (Wesensschau) in his dissertation (Der Raum, 1922) and attended Husserl’s seminars in Freiburg (1924–25). R. Carnap, Der Raum. Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre (1922); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
Rudolf Carnap › 1891–1970
Hans-Georg Gadamer
wpływ na ✓
Gadamer took over Husserl’s concepts of horizon and lifeworld, grounding understanding in a world always already shared rather than in a constituting consciousness (Truth and Method, 1960). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960); E. Husserl, Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften (1936; 1954); SEP “Hans-Georg Gadamer”
Hans-Georg Gadamer › 1900–2002
Jean-Paul Sartre
wpływ na ✓
After studying Husserl in Berlin (1933–34), Sartre adopted intentionality but rejected the transcendental ego as superfluous in The Transcendence of the Ego (1936–37). J.-P. Sartre, La Transcendance de l’Ego (1936–37); “Une idée fondamentale de la phénoménologie de Husserl: l’intentionnalité” (1939); SEP “Jean-Paul Sartre”
Jean-Paul Sartre › 1905–1980
Emmanuel Levinas uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
Levinas spent 1928–29 in Freiburg to study with Husserl, wrote the first French book on his phenomenology (La théorie de l’intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl, 1930) and co-translated the Cartesian Meditations (1931). SEP “Emmanuel Levinas”
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Emmanuel Levinas › 1906–1995
Simone de Beauvoir
wpływ na
S. Heinämaa reads The Second Sex (1949) as a phenomenological work in Husserl’s sense, describing woman’s lived body and experience rather than explaining them causally. S. Heinämaa, Toward a Phenomenology of Sexual Difference: Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Beauvoir (2003); S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949)
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Simone de Beauvoir › 1908–1986
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
wpływ na ✓
Merleau-Ponty took up Husserl’s themes of lifeworld and lived body, studied in the Louvain archives (1939), and concluded that the reduction is never complete (Phenomenology of Perception, 1945). M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945), preface; “Le philosophe et son ombre” (1959), in Signes (1960); H. L. Van Breda, “Merleau-Ponty et les Archives-Husserl à Louvain” (1962); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
Maurice Merleau-Ponty › 1908–1961
Pokaż wszystko (27)Pokaż mniej
Max Scheler
wpływ na ✓
Scheler, who met Husserl in 1901, applied the phenomenological intuition of essences to values in a material ethics of value (Der Formalismus in der Ethik, 1913–16). M. Scheler, Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik (1913–16), in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung; SEP “Max Scheler”
Max Scheler › 1874–1928
José Ortega y Gasset
wpływ na
Ortega took up Husserl’s phenomenology in 1913 (‘On the Concept of Sensation’) but soon moved beyond it to a philosophy of life (Meditations on Quixote, 1914). J. Ortega y Gasset, “Sobre el concepto de sensación” (1913); Meditaciones del Quijote (1914); SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
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José Ortega y Gasset › 1883–1955
Tanabe Hajime uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
Tanabe studied with Husserl in Freiburg in 1922–23, after a stay with Riehl in Berlin; there he also met the young Heidegger and Oskar Becker. SEP “The Kyoto School” (B. W. Davis); J. W. Heisig, Philosophers of Nothingness (2001)
Źródło: szkic AI
Tanabe Hajime › 1885–1962
Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
After his doctorate Ajdukiewicz spent the academic year 1913/14 in Göttingen, attending Husserl’s lectures in philosophy (and Hilbert’s in mathematics); a short period of study, not a lasting teaching relation. Archiwum PAN, inventory III-141 (Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz); Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, biographical sketch of K. Ajdukiewicz
Źródło: szkic AI
Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz › 1890–1963
Edith Stein uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Stein studied with Husserl in Göttingen from 1913, took her doctorate under him in Freiburg in 1916 with a thesis on empathy and was his first paid assistant from October 1916 to February 1918, transcribing and editing his manuscripts. SEP “Edith Stein”
Edith Stein › 1891–1942
Herbert Marcuse uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
In his second period in Freiburg (1928–32) Marcuse studied with Husserl as well as with Heidegger, though Heidegger was his main teacher; he had already taken his doctorate there in 1922, in German literature. SEP “Herbert Marcuse”; D. Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (1984)
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Herbert Marcuse › 1898–1979
Xavier Zubiri
wpływ na
Zubiri’s dissertation, Ensayo de una teoría fenomenológica del juicio (1923), developed Husserl’s theory of judgement; he later heard Husserl in Freiburg (1928–30). X. Zubiri, Ensayo de una teoría fenomenológica del juicio (1923); Sobre la esencia (1962)
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Xavier Zubiri › 1898–1983
Alfred Schütz
wpływ na
Schutz used Husserl’s constitutive phenomenology to clarify Weber’s ‘subjective meaning’, describing how meaning is built up in consciousness and how we understand others; Husserl admired the book (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Alfred Schütz › 1899–1959
José Gaos
wpływ na
Gaos took his doctorate on Husserl’s critique of psychologism and translated the Logical Investigations with Manuel García Morente (Investigaciones lógicas, 1929). E. Husserl, Investigaciones lógicas, trans. M. García Morente and J. Gaos (1929); J. Gaos, La crítica del psicologismo en Husserl (doctoral thesis)
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José Gaos › 1900–1969
Gilbert Ryle
wpływ na
Ryle studied Husserl’s Logical Investigations in the 1920s, lectured on Brentano, Meinong and Husserl, and read phenomenology as a form of conceptual analysis (‘Phenomenology’, 1932). G. Ryle, “Phenomenology”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. vol. 11 (1932); “Autobiographical”, in O. P. Wood and G. Pitcher (eds.), Ryle (1970); SEP “Gilbert Ryle”
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Gilbert Ryle › 1900–1976
Hans Jonas uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Jonas began his studies in Freiburg in 1921, where he attended Husserl’s seminars and met the young Heidegger; a short period before his years with Heidegger in Marburg. H. Jonas, Erinnerungen (2003)
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Hans Jonas › 1903–1993
Kurt Gödel
wpływ na
Gödel studied Husserl from 1959 and proposed phenomenology as a method for clarifying the meaning of mathematical concepts and intuition (draft, 1961; publ. 1995). K. Gödel, “The Modern Development of the Foundations of Mathematics in the Light of Philosophy” (1961), in Collected Works III (1995); SEP “Kurt Gödel”
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Kurt Gödel › 1906–1978
Jan Patočka uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Patočka met Husserl at his Paris lectures in 1929 and studied with him in Freiburg in 1933. E. Kohák, Jan Patočka: Philosophy and Selected Writings (1989), introduction
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Jan Patočka › 1907–1977
Paul Ricoeur
wpływ na
As a prisoner of war Ricœur translated Husserl’s Ideas I (publ. 1950) and set out his philosophy as a phenomenology of the will (Le volontaire et l’involontaire, 1950). E. Husserl, Idées directrices pour une phénoménologie, trans. P. Ricœur (1950); P. Ricœur, Philosophie de la volonté I: Le volontaire et l’involontaire (1950); SEP “Paul Ricoeur”
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Paul Ricoeur › 1913–2005
Harold Garfinkel
wpływ na
Garfinkel drew on Husserl’s natural attitude, also via Schutz and Gurwitsch, to ask how members produce the taken-for-granted order of everyday life (Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967). H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967); The Perception of the Other (diss., Harvard, 1952); J. Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (1984); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Harold Garfinkel › 1917–2011
Thomas Luckmann
wpływ na ✓
Luckmann continued Husserl’s analysis of the life-world in completing Schutz’s Structures of the Life-World (1975, 1984) and treated phenomenology as a ‘protosociology’ underlying social science. A. Schütz and T. Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt (1975, 1984); T. Luckmann, “Philosophie, Sozialwissenschaft und Alltagsleben” (1973); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Thomas Luckmann › 1927–2016
Niklas Luhmann
wpływ na ✓
Luhmann took Husserl’s analysis of meaning, an actual given against a horizon of possibilities, as the basic concept of his systems theory (‘Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie’, 1971). N. Luhmann, “Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie”, in J. Habermas and N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie (1971); Soziale Systeme (1984); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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Niklas Luhmann › 1927–1998
J. N. Mohanty
wpływ na
Mohanty defended Husserl’s theory of meaning – meanings as ideal entities intended by consciousness, not psychological events – in Edmund Husserl’s Theory of Meaning (1964). J. N. Mohanty, Edmund Husserl’s Theory of Meaning (1964); The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl (2008)
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J. N. Mohanty › 1928–2023
Hassan Hanafi
wpływ na
Hanafi read Husserl in Paris and in his thesis (1966) applied phenomenology to Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh), reading it as a method of understanding grounded in consciousness. H. Hanafi, Les Méthodes d’exégèse: essai sur la science des fondements de la compréhension, ilm usul al-fiqh (thesis, Paris, 1966); L’Exégèse de la phénoménologie
Źródło: szkic AI
Hassan Hanafi › 1935–2021
Paulin Hountondji
wpływ na
Hountondji, whose doctorate treated Husserl’s idea of science (1970), drew on it in demanding that philosophy be explicit critical enquiry, not a collective worldview (1976). P. J. Hountondji, Sur la « philosophie africaine » (1976); The Struggle for Meaning: Reflections on Philosophy, Culture, and Democracy in Africa (1997; Eng. 2002)
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Paulin Hountondji › 1942–2024
Lewis R. Gordon
wpływ na
Gordon’s Fanon and the Crisis of European Man (1995) takes up Husserl’s diagnosis of a crisis of the European sciences and of European humanity and reads Fanon as a philosopher of the human sciences who exposes that crisis from the standpoint of the colonised. L. R. Gordon, Fanon and the Crisis of European Man: An Essay on Philosophy and the Human Sciences (1995); E. Husserl, Vienna lecture (1935) and Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften (1936)
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Lewis R. Gordon › ur. 1962
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 6
Gottlob Frege pod wpływem
pod wpływem sporne ✓
Husserl discussed Frege’s Grundlagen in Philosophy of Arithmetic (1891); whether Frege’s critical review (1894) prompted his turn against psychologism in the Logical Investigations (1900–01) is disputed. G. Frege, review of E. Husserl, Philosophie der Arithmetik, Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 103 (1894); D. Føllesdal, Husserl und Frege (1958); J. N. Mohanty, Husserl and Frege (1982); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
krytyka ze strony
In his 1894 review of Husserl’s Philosophy of Arithmetic (1891) Frege charged it with psychologism, confusing subjective presentations with objective concepts and numbers. G. Frege, review of E. Husserl, Philosophie der Arithmetik I, Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 103 (1894), 313–332
Źródło: szkic AI
Gottlob Frege › 1848–1925
Lew Szestow
krytyka ze strony
In ‘Memento mori’ (1917), Shestov attacked Husserl’s ideal of philosophy as rigorous science, objecting that his self-evident truths of reason silence the questions of human existence. L. Shestov, “Memento mori” (1917), in Potestas clavium (1923); “In Memory of a Great Philosopher: Edmund Husserl” (1938)
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Lew Szestow › 1866–1938
Martin Heidegger uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Heidegger had habilitated under Rickert, but after Husserl came to Freiburg in 1916 he worked closely with him and was his assistant from 1919 to 1923, holding seminars with him; Husserl backed his call to Marburg and his succession to the Freiburg chair (1928). SEP “Martin Heidegger”; T. Kisiel, The Genesis of Heidegger’s Being and Time (1993)
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krytyka ze strony
Heidegger objected that Husserl never asks about the being of the intentional, of consciousness itself, and turned to Dasein instead (Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Zeitbegriffs, 1925, §§ 10–13). M. Heidegger, Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Zeitbegriffs (lectures 1925; GA 20), §§ 10–13; SEP “Martin Heidegger”
Źródło: szkic AI
Martin Heidegger › 1889–1976
Roman Ingarden uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
With Twardowski’s support Ingarden went to Göttingen in 1912 to study with Husserl, followed him to Freiburg and took his doctorate there in 1918, with Husserl as director, on intuition and intellect in Bergson. SEP “Roman Ingarden”
Źródło: szkic AI
krytyka ze strony
Ingarden rejected the transcendental idealism of Husserl’s Ideas I (1913) and defended the independent existence of the real world (Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt, 1947–48). R. Ingarden, Spór o istnienie świata (1947–48; German: Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt, 1964–65); SEP “Roman Ingarden”
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Roman Ingarden › 1893–1970
Theodor Adorno
krytyka ze strony
In Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie (1956) Adorno read Husserl’s phenomenology as a last attempt at first philosophy, whose search for an absolute origin ends in idealism. T. W. Adorno, Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie. Studien über Husserl und die phänomenologischen Antinomien (1956), Introduction
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Theodor Adorno › 1903–1969
Jacques Derrida wpływ na
wpływ na ✓
Derrida began with Husserl: a thesis on genesis in his philosophy (1953–54; publ. 1990) and a translation with long introduction of The Origin of Geometry (1962). J. Derrida, Le problème de la genèse dans la philosophie de Husserl (written 1953–54; publ. 1990); E. Husserl, L’origine de la géométrie, trans. and intro. J. Derrida (1962); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
krytyka ze strony
In Voice and Phenomenon (1967) Derrida argued that Husserl’s theory of meaning rests on a metaphysics of presence, privileging the voice and the living present over the sign. J. Derrida, La voix et le phénomène (1967); Introduction to E. Husserl, L’origine de la géométrie (1962); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: szkic AI
Jacques Derrida › 1930–2004
Krytykuje 3
John Stuart Mill
krytykuje
In the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations (1900) Husserl rejected Mill’s psychologism, which treats the laws of logic, including non-contradiction, as empirical generalisations about thinking. E. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen I: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (1900), chs. 3–5; SEP “Psychologism”
Źródło: szkic AI
John Stuart Mill › 1806–1873
Wilhelm Wundt nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
Husserl heard Wundt among his philosophy teachers in Leipzig in 1876–78. SEP “Edmund Husserl” (D. Zahavi), §1
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krytykuje
In the Logical Investigations Husserl charged Wundt’s logic with an extreme psychologism. SEP “Wilhelm Wundt” (A. Kim), §7.2 (Husserl 1901)
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Wilhelm Wundt › 1832–1920
Wilhelm Dilthey
krytykuje
Husserl’s ‘Philosophy as Rigorous Science’ (1911) attacked historicism and worldview philosophy as leading to sceptical relativism; Dilthey felt targeted, and the two exchanged letters. E. Husserl, “Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft”, Logos 1 (1911); Dilthey–Husserl correspondence, June–July 1911; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
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Wilhelm Dilthey › 1833–1911
Dzieła
- 1900Badania logiczne
Przeciw psychologizmowi – przełom fenomenologii.
Redukcja fenomenologiczna i czysta świadomość.
Radykalizacja drogi Kartezjusza – z problemem doświadczania innych.
Od czasów Galileusza matematyzacja przyrody zapomniała o świecie życia.
Stanowisko
Husserl founded phenomenology as a rigorous science of experience: “back to the things themselves”. Instead of speculating about what lies behind appearances, philosophy should describe how things show themselves to consciousness. To do so, he practised the epoché – suspending our natural belief in the existence of the world – in order to study the intentional acts through which meaning is constituted. Against psychologism he defended logic’s independence of empirical psychology. In his late work he described the lifeworld, the pre-scientific world of everyday experience that the mathematised sciences have forgotten. Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Levinas and many others started from his method.
Życie i kontekst
Born in Moravia, Husserl first studied mathematics before Brentano’s lectures in Vienna won him for philosophy. He taught in Halle, Göttingen and from 1916 in Freiburg, where Heidegger succeeded him. Under the Nazis, as a convert of Jewish origin, he was excluded from university life. After his death his vast manuscripts were rescued to Leuven in Belgium.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Logical Investigations (1900–1901)
- Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology (1913)
- Cartesian Meditations (1931)
- The Crisis of European Sciences (1936)
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