Jacques Derrida
Według Derridy każdy tekst podważa opozycje, na których się opiera, jak mowa nad pismem, a znaczenie jest zawsze odroczone, nigdy w pełni obecne.
Umiejscowienie
Dekonstrukcja: teksty podważają własne hierarchie – différance i krytyka logocentryzmu.
Kluczowe idee
- Dekonstrukcja
- Différance
- Logocentryzm
Nauczyciele: Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault
Uczniowie: Paulin Hountondji, Souleymane Bachir Diagne
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 7
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
pod wpływem ✓
Derrida read Hegel as the thinker of the Aufhebung, which différance resembles and resists, in ‘Le puits et la pyramide’ (1968) and the Hegel column of Glas (1974). J. Derrida, “Le puits et la pyramide” (1968), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); Glas (1974); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Karol Marks
pod wpływem ✓
Derrida claimed a certain spirit of Marx’s critique as an inheritance while reading Marx’s own wish to exorcise ghosts against him (Spectres de Marx, 1993). J. Derrida, Spectres de Marx (1993)
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Friedrich Nietzsche
pod wpływem ✓
Derrida counted Nietzsche’s play of forces and critique of truth among the sources of différance (‘La différance’, 1968) and read his styles and his ‘woman’ in Éperons (1978). J. Derrida, “La différance” (1968), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); Éperons. Les styles de Nietzsche (1978); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Sigmund Freud
pod wpływem ✓
In ‘Freud et la scène de l’écriture’ (1966) Derrida read Freud’s mystic writing-pad (1925) as a model of the psyche as writing and trace. J. Derrida, “Freud et la scène de l’écriture” (1966), in L’écriture et la différence (1967); La carte postale (1980); S. Freud, “Notiz über den Wunderblock” (1925); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Sigmund Freud › 1856–1939
Martin Heidegger
pod wpływem ✓
Derrida developed deconstruction from Heidegger’s Destruktion of the history of ontology and related différance to the ontological difference (‘La différance’, 1968; ‘Lettre à un ami japonais’, 1985). J. Derrida, “La différance” (1968), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); “Lettre à un ami japonais” (1985), in Psyché (1987); De l’esprit (1987); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Martin Heidegger › 1889–1976
Jan Patočka
pod wpływem
In The Gift of Death (1992) Derrida read Patočka’s Heretical Essays (1975) as a history of responsibility, from Platonic care for the soul to the Christian mysterium tremendum. J. Derrida, “Donner la mort”, in J.-M. Rabaté and M. Wetzel (eds.), L’éthique du don (1992); Donner la mort (1999); J. Patočka, Kacířské eseje o filosofii dějin (1975)
Źródło: szkic AI
Jan Patočka › 1907–1977
Louis Althusser nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
Derrida entered the École normale supérieure in 1952 and prepared the agrégation under Althusser as philosophy tutor (caïman); he passed in 1956 at the second attempt and from 1964 taught at the École alongside Althusser. B. Peeters, Derrida (2010)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Louis Althusser › 1918–1990
Wpływ na 5
Mohammed Arkoun
wpływ na
Arkoun adopted Derrida’s deconstruction to expose the logocentric closure of classical Islamic reason and its official closed canon (Pour une critique de la raison islamique, 1984). M. Arkoun, Pour une critique de la raison islamique (1984); Rethinking Islam, tr. R. D. Lee (1994)
Źródło: szkic AI
Mohammed Arkoun › 1928–2010
Paulin Hountondji uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
At the École normale supérieure, which Hountondji entered in 1963, he followed Derrida’s seminars on Plato, Descartes, Hume, Kant and Husserl; Derrida suggested the topic of his master’s dissertation, the notion of hylē in Husserl (Sorbonne, 1965). P. J. Hountondji, “My Experience with Paul Ricœur”, Études Ricœuriennes / Ricœur Studies 12:1 (2021), 50–59
Źródło: szkic AI
Paulin Hountondji › 1942–2024
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
wpływ na
Spivak translated Derrida’s Of Grammatology (1976) with a long preface and used deconstruction to ask who speaks for the subaltern (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). J. Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. and preface G. C. Spivak (1976); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak › ur. 1942
Souleymane Bachir Diagne uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
At the École normale supérieure Derrida prepared Diagne and his fellow students for the agrégation (1978), above all for the lecture exercise; Diagne says he still uses the deconstructive skills of that training in his own teaching. S. B. Diagne, interview with C. Fowler, In the Foreground (podcast, Clark Art Institute, 2021)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Souleymane Bachir Diagne › ur. 1955
Judith Butler
wpływ na
Butler took Derrida’s iterability and citationality (‘Signature événement contexte’, 1971) to explain how gender norms gain force through repetitions that can also go astray (Bodies That Matter, 1993). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Judith Butler › ur. 1956
Krytyka
Wzajemna krytyka 1
Michel Foucault ⇄ wzajemnie nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
Derrida attended Foucault’s classes at the École normale supérieure in the early 1950s, when Foucault taught psychology there; he opened ‘Cogito and the History of Madness’ (1963) by recalling that he had had ‘the good fortune to study under’ Foucault. J. Derrida, “Cogito et histoire de la folie” (lecture 1963), in L’écriture et la différence (1967); B. Peeters, Derrida (2010)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
krytykuje
In ‘Cogito and the History of Madness’ (1963) Derrida questioned whether madness can be given a history in the language of reason, and disputed Foucault’s reading of Descartes. J. Derrida, “Cogito et histoire de la folie” (lecture 1963), in L’écriture et la différence (1967); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: szkic AI
krytyka ze strony
Answering Derrida’s critique of his Descartes reading, Foucault called Derrida’s method ‘a little pedagogy’ that reduces discursive practices to textual traces (‘Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu’, 1972). M. Foucault, “Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu”, appendix to Histoire de la folie (2nd ed., 1972); SEP “Michel Foucault”
Źródło: szkic AI
Michel Foucault › 1926–1984
Krytyka ze strony 3
Jürgen Habermas
krytyka ze strony
Habermas objected that Derrida levels the genre distinction between philosophy and literature, giving up the problem-solving power of argument for rhetoric (Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, 1985, excursus). J. Habermas, Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne (1985), Lecture VII and excursus on levelling the genre distinction between philosophy and literature
Źródło: szkic AI
Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026
John Searle
krytyka ze strony
Searle replied that Derrida’s ‘Signature Event Context’ misreads Austin: iterability does not undermine intention, and setting aside parasitic speech is a research strategy (‘Reiterating the Differences’, 1977). J. R. Searle, “Reiterating the Differences: A Reply to Derrida”, Glyph 1 (1977), 198–208; J. Derrida, “Limited Inc a b c …”, Glyph 2 (1977)
Źródło: szkic AI
John Searle › 1932–2025
Walter Mignolo
krytyka ze strony
In his afterword to Writing Without Words (1994) and in The Darker Side of the Renaissance (1995) Mignolo argued that Derrida’s grammatology, a critique within the Western philosophy of writing, should be “circumvented” for Mesoamerican writing systems, which were never conceived as a representation of speech. W. D. Mignolo, afterword to E. H. Boone and W. D. Mignolo (eds.), Writing Without Words (1994); The Darker Side of the Renaissance (1995)
Źródło: szkic AI
Walter Mignolo › ur. 1941
Krytykuje 10
Platon
krytykuje
In ‘Plato’s Pharmacy’ (1968) Derrida read the Phaedrus’ condemnation of writing as a pharmakon, remedy and poison, arguing that the privilege of speech depends on what it excludes. J. Derrida, “La pharmacie de Platon”, Tel Quel 32–33 (1968), repr. in La dissémination (1972); Plato, Phaedrus 274b–278b
Źródło: szkic AI
Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
krytykuje
In Of Grammatology (1967) Derrida argued that Rousseau condemns writing as a dangerous supplement to speech and nature, while his texts depend on the supplement throughout. J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (1967), part II, chs. 2–4; J.-J. Rousseau, Essai sur l’origine des langues; Confessions III
Źródło: szkic AI
Jean-Jacques Rousseau › 1712–1778
Edmund Husserl pod wpływem
pod wpływem ✓
Derrida began with Husserl: a thesis on genesis in his philosophy (1953–54; publ. 1990) and a translation with long introduction of The Origin of Geometry (1962). J. Derrida, Le problème de la genèse dans la philosophie de Husserl (written 1953–54; publ. 1990); E. Husserl, L’origine de la géométrie, trans. and intro. J. Derrida (1962); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
krytykuje
In Voice and Phenomenon (1967) Derrida argued that Husserl’s theory of meaning rests on a metaphysics of presence, privileging the voice and the living present over the sign. J. Derrida, La voix et le phénomène (1967); Introduction to E. Husserl, L’origine de la géométrie (1962); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: szkic AI
Edmund Husserl › 1859–1938
Jacques Lacan
krytykuje
In ‘Le facteur de la vérité’ (1975) Derrida read Lacan’s seminar on Poe’s ‘Purloined Letter’ as phallogocentric and contested that a letter always reaches its destination. J. Derrida, “Le facteur de la vérité”, Poétique 21 (1975), repr. in La carte postale (1980); J. Lacan, “Le séminaire sur ‘La lettre volée’”, in Écrits (1966)
Źródło: szkic AI
Jacques Lacan › 1901–1981
Emmanuel Levinas pod wpływem
pod wpływem ✓
Derrida took up Levinas’s ethics of welcome for his thinking of hospitality (Adieu à Emmanuel Levinas, 1997) and read his writing closely (‘En ce moment même’, 1980). J. Derrida, “En ce moment même dans cet ouvrage me voici” (1980), in Psyché (1987); Adieu à Emmanuel Levinas (1997); SEP “Emmanuel Levinas”
krytykuje
In ‘Violence and Metaphysics’ (1964) Derrida argued that Levinas’s ethics must still speak the Greek language of Being it seeks to leave behind, and so cannot escape ontology. J. Derrida, “Violence et métaphysique”, Revue de métaphysique et de morale 69 (1964), repr. in L’écriture et la différence (1967); SEP “Emmanuel Levinas”
Źródło: szkic AI
Emmanuel Levinas › 1906–1995
Claude Lévi-Strauss
krytykuje
In Of Grammatology (1967) Derrida read Lévi-Strauss’s ‘Writing Lesson’ as Rousseauist nostalgia for an innocent community of speech, untouched by the violence of writing. J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (1967), part II, ch. 1 “La violence de la lettre: de Lévi-Strauss à Rousseau”; “La structure, le signe et le jeu” (1966)
Źródło: szkic AI
Claude Lévi-Strauss › 1908–2009
Pokaż wszystko (10)Pokaż mniej
Ferdinand de Saussure
krytykuje
Derrida argued in Of Grammatology (1967) that Saussure banishes writing as a mere image of speech, although his principle of difference without positive terms implies a general writing. J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (1967), part I, ch. 2 “Linguistique et grammatologie”; F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (1916), introduction, ch. VI
Źródło: szkic AI
Ferdinand de Saussure › 1857–1913
Marcel Mauss
krytykuje
In Given Time (1991) Derrida argued that Mauss’s Essay on the Gift speaks of everything but the gift, since a gift caught in exchange and return annuls itself. J. Derrida, Donner le temps I. La fausse monnaie (1991), ch. 2
Źródło: szkic AI
Marcel Mauss › 1872–1950
Hans-Georg Gadamer
krytykuje
At their Paris encounter in 1981 Derrida questioned Gadamer’s appeal to the ‘good will’ to understand, asking whether it does not belong to the metaphysics of the will. J. Derrida, “Bonnes volontés de puissance (Une réponse à Hans-Georg Gadamer)” (1981); D. Michelfelder & R. Palmer (eds.), Dialogue and Deconstruction: The Gadamer–Derrida Encounter (1989)
Źródło: szkic AI
Hans-Georg Gadamer › 1900–2002
John Langshaw Austin
krytykuje
In ‘Signature Event Context’ (1971) Derrida objected that Austin excludes ‘non-serious’, cited utterances as parasitic, although iterability belongs to every performative. J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962), Lecture II; SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: szkic AI
John Langshaw Austin › 1911–1960
Dzieła
Krytyka Foucaulta autorstwa Derridy – który uczęszczał na jego wykłady w École normale – i jego lektury Kartezjusza.
- 1967O gramatologii
Przeciw prymatowi głosu: dekonstrukcja Saussure’a, Rousseau, Lévi-Straussa.
- 1967Głos i fenomen
Husserlowska teoria znaków i metafizyka obecności.
- 1968Apteka Platona
Pismo jako pharmakon – zarazem trucizna i lekarstwo.
Iterowalność: każdą wypowiedź można zacytować – wbrew wykluczeniu „niepoważnego” przez Austina.
Rozległa odpowiedź Derridy Searle’owi.
Stanowisko
Derrida showed that Western philosophy since Plato has been organised by hierarchical oppositions – speech over writing, presence over absence, the literal over the metaphorical – and has always privileged the immediate presence of meaning (“logocentrism”). Deconstruction is not destruction but a patient reading that shows how texts undermine these very hierarchies, because what is excluded turns out to be indispensable. His neologism différance combines “differing” and “deferring”: meaning never arrives fully present, but always refers onward to other signs. Derrida applied this to Husserl, Saussure, Rousseau and Austin, and in later years to questions of justice, hospitality, friendship and forgiveness. Deconstruction was taken up in literary theory, legal studies and architecture as well as in philosophy.
Życie i kontekst
Derrida was born in 1930 into a Jewish family in El Biar near Algiers; under the Vichy regime he was expelled from school as a child. He studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he later taught, before moving to the École des hautes études en sciences sociales. In 1967 he published three books at once; he also taught regularly in the United States. He died in Paris in 2004.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Of Grammatology (1967)
- Speech and Phenomena (1967)
- Writing and Difference (1967)
- Specters of Marx (1993)
Pojawia się w
- Podróż „Zwrot lingwistyczny” · Przystanek 8 z 10
- Debata „Derrida i Searle o aktach mowy”
- Debata „Afera Sokala”
Stan na listopad 2026 · Źródła · Ulepsz tę stronę · Jak powstaje Agora