निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली
माकियावेल्ली के अनुसार, राजनीति के अपने नियम हैं: जो शासक राज्य को बनाए रखना चाहता है उसे आवश्यकता पड़ने पर नैतिकता के विरुद्ध कार्य करने को तैयार रहना होगा।
पृष्ठभूमि
राजनीति सत्ता के अपने तर्क पर चलती है: शासक को सीखना चाहिए कि आवश्यकता पड़ने पर अच्छा न होने में सक्षम कैसे हुआ जाए।
मुख्य विचार
- विर्तु और फ़ोर्तुना
- राजनीतिक आवश्यकता (necessità)
- गणतंत्रवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
लुक्रेतिउस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Machiavelli copied out Lucretius’ De rerum natura by hand in the late 1490s, and some scholars trace Epicurean themes in his view of chance and religion. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ms. Rossi 884; A. Brown, The Return of Lucretius to Renaissance Florence (2010)
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लुक्रेतिउस › लगभग 99–55 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 8
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
The link is disputed; it rests on three discourses in Horae Subsecivae (1620), attributed to the young Hobbes by computer analysis, which read Tacitus in a Machiavellian vein. N. B. Reynolds and A. W. Saxonhouse (eds.), Thomas Hobbes: Three Discourses (1995); Horae Subsecivae (1620)
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थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the Political Treatise (1677) Spinoza called Machiavelli ‘most acute’ and suggested The Prince may have meant to warn a free people against entrusting itself to one ruler. B. Spinoza, Tractatus politicus (1677); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
मोंतेस्क्यू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans (1734) Montesquieu shared Machiavelli’s thesis from the Discourses that internal dissensions helped preserve Roman liberty. Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734); Dictionnaire Montesquieu (ENS Lyon), “Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains”
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मोंतेस्क्यू › 1689–1755
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Social Contract (1762) Rousseau read Machiavelli as a republican who, under the guise of instructing kings, gave peoples great lessons: The Prince is ‘the book of republicans’. J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), “De la monarchie”; SEP “Niccolò Machiavelli”
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जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
कार्ल श्मिट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Schmitt began his history of dictatorship with Machiavelli, reading The Prince as a technical treatise on state power (Die Diktatur, 1921). C. Schmitt, Die Diktatur (1921); SEP “Carl Schmitt”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कार्ल श्मिट › 1888–1985
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी › 1891–1937
सभी दिखाएँ (8)कम दिखाएँ
युस्तुस लिप्सियस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Politica IV (1589) Lipsius admitted a ‘mixed prudence’, allowing some deceit in the state’s interest, in explicit dialogue with Machiavelli. J. Lipsius, Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex (1589), book IV; J. Waszink (ed.), Politica (2004), introduction
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युस्तुस लिप्सियस › 1547–1606
फ्रांसिस बेकन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Advancement of Learning (1605) Bacon wrote ‘we are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do’. F. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605), Book II; SEP “Francis Bacon”
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फ्रांसिस बेकन › 1561–1626
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
तोम्माज़ो काम्पानेल्ला
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Campanella charged that Machiavelli’s reason of state makes religion a mere instrument of rule and so leads to atheism (Atheismus triumphatus, Rome 1631). T. Campanella, Atheismus triumphatus, Rome 1631
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तोम्माज़ो काम्पानेल्ला › 1568–1639
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
सिसरो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Machiavelli inverted Cicero’s De officiis: a prince must know how to use the beast as well as the man, both fox and lion (The Prince, 1513). N. Machiavelli, Il Principe (1513), chs. 15–18; Cicero, De officiis I.34, I.41; Q. Skinner, Machiavelli, 1981
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिसरो › 106–43 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- 1513द प्रिंस
सत्ता कैसे पाएँ और बनाए रखें – सिसरो-सम्मत सद्गुण के बजाय लोमड़ी और सिंह।
- 1517लिवी पर विमर्श
प्राचीन रोम के उदाहरण से गणतंत्रीय स्वतंत्रता।
मत
Machiavelli looked at politics as it is, not as it ought to be. A ruler who always wants to be good will come to ruin among so many who are not, so he must learn to be “not good” when necessity demands it. Success depends on virtù – energy, skill and decisiveness – in the face of fortuna, the unpredictable force of circumstance. Yet his Discourses on Livy show him as a convinced republican who admired the freedom and civic spirit of ancient Rome and saw conflict between nobles and people as a source of liberty. Because he separated political judgement from conventional morality, he is often regarded as a founder of modern political science.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Florence in 1469, Machiavelli served the Florentine Republic from 1498 as secretary and diplomat, observing kings, popes and Cesare Borgia at close range. When the Medici returned in 1512 he lost his post, was imprisoned and tortured, and withdrew to his farm near San Casciano, where he wrote his major works. He died in Florence in 1527.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Prince (1513)
- Discourses on Livy (c. 1517)
- The Mandrake (c. 1518)
- The Art of War (1521)
- Florentine Histories (1525)
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