فرانسيس بيكون
المعرفة قوة: ينبغي للعلم أن يبدأ من الملاحظة الدقيقة وأن يبني القوانين العامة تدريجيًا، مزيلًا الأحكام المسبقة التي تعتّم العقل.
التموضع
المعرفة قوة: المنهج الاستقرائي ونقد «الأوهام» (idola) التي تعتم العقل.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الاستقراء
- نظرية الأوهام
- المعرفة قوة
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
ديمقريطس
تأثّر بـ
Bacon praised the school of Democritus for dissecting nature rather than abstracting from it (New Organon, 1620) and discussed his atoms in On Principles and Origins (c. 1612). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620); De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Francis Bacon”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ديمقريطس › نحو 460–370 ق.م
نيكولو مكيافيلي
تأثّر بـ
In The Advancement of Learning (1605) Bacon wrote ‘we are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do’. F. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605), Book II; SEP “Francis Bacon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكولو مكيافيلي › 1469–1527
برناردينو تيليزيو
تأثّر بـ
In On Principles and Origins (c. 1612) Bacon called Telesio ‘the first of the new men’ and discussed his heat and cold as principles revived from Parmenides. F. Bacon, De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Bernardino Telesio”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
برناردينو تيليزيو › 1509–1588
أثّر في 5
توماس هوبز
أثّر في ✓
Hobbes served Bacon as secretary in his last years, taking down his thoughts and helping translate Essays into Latin (Aubrey); how far Bacon shaped him is debated. J. Aubrey, Brief Lives, “Thomas Hobbes”; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
جان آموس كومينيوس
أثّر في
Comenius praised Bacon’s Instauratio magna in the preface to his Physicae synopsis (1633) and took up its programme of renewing natural philosophy from the senses. J. A. Comenius, Physicae ad lumen divinum reformandae synopsis (1633), preface; F. Bacon, Instauratio magna (1620)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان آموس كومينيوس › 1592–1670
جون لوك
أثّر في
Locke’s ‘historical, plain method’ of describing the mind’s ideas in the Essay (1689) follows the Baconian natural history practised in the early Royal Society, as P. Anstey argues. J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), Introduction; P. R. Anstey, John Locke and Natural Philosophy (2011); SEP “John Locke”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون لوك › 1632–1704
جيامباتيستا فيكو
أثّر في
Vico counted Bacon among his ‘four authors’ and modelled his oration On the Study Methods of Our Time (1709) on Bacon’s survey of the advancement of learning. G. Vico, De nostri temporis studiorum ratione (1709); Vita scritta da se medesimo (1725–28); SEP “Giambattista Vico”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيامباتيستا فيكو › 1668–1744
دنيس ديدرو
أثّر في
Diderot credited Bacon in the Encyclopédie’s Prospectus (1750) and arranged its system of knowledge after Bacon’s division into memory, reason and imagination. D. Diderot, Prospectus de l’Encyclopédie (1750); Encyclopédie I (1751), Système figuré des connaissances humaines; SEP “Denis Diderot”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
دنيس ديدرو › 1713–1784
النقد
ينتقد 1
أرسطو
انتقد
Bacon charged that Aristotle had corrupted natural philosophy with his dialectic, and set against the syllogism a method of gradual induction (Novum Organum, 1620, I.63). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620), I.11–14, I.54, I.63; SEP “Francis Bacon”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
الأعمال
أداة جديدة للفكر: الاستقراء بدل القياس.
الموقف
Bacon called for a “great instauration”, a renewal of all knowledge. Knowledge is power: it should serve to improve human life by understanding and mastering nature. To achieve this, the old Aristotelian logic must be replaced by a new method, a careful induction that collects observations, compares cases and excludes false explanations step by step. Beforehand the mind must be cleared of its “idols” – the errors of the species, of the individual, of language and of philosophical systems. His utopia New Atlantis imagined a state-sponsored research institute. Bacon became the patron of the Royal Society and of empiricism.
الحياة والسياق
Born in London in 1561, Francis Bacon studied at Cambridge and trained as a lawyer. Under James I he rose to Attorney General and in 1618 Lord Chancellor, becoming Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. In 1621 the House of Lords, sitting as the highest court, found him guilty of accepting gifts from litigants, a widespread custom among judges of the time; he confessed, was fined and removed from office. He devoted his remaining years to his scientific programme and died in 1626.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Essays (1597)
- The Advancement of Learning (1605)
- Novum Organum (1620)
- New Atlantis (1627)
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