تشارلز وايد ميلز
كان العقد الاجتماعي في الفلسفة السياسية الحديثة عمليًا «عقدًا عِرقيًا» بين البيض – وعلى نظريات العدالة أن تواجه هذا التاريخ بدل أن تتجاهله.
التموضع
فيلسوف نشأ في جامايكا ودرّس في نورثويسترن وجامعة مدينة نيويورك: العقد الاجتماعي في الفلسفة السياسية الحديثة كان في الواقع «عقدًا عرقيًا» بين البيض – وعلى نظريات العدالة أن تواجه تفوق البيض و«الجهل الأبيض».
الأفكار الرئيسة
- العقد العرقي
- الجهل الأبيض
- نقد النظرية المثالية
- الليبرالية السوداء الراديكالية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
فريدريك دوغلاس
تأثّر بـ
Mills read Douglass’s Fourth of July speech (1852), with its antislavery reading of the Constitution, as a test of America’s liberal ideals (‘Whose Fourth of July?’, 1998). C. W. Mills, “Whose Fourth of July? Frederick Douglass and ‘Original Intent’”, in Blackness Visible (1998); F. Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” (1852)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فريدريك دوغلاس › 1818–1895
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ
Mills wrote his doctorate on ideology in Marx and Engels (1985) and adapted historical materialism to race as a system of domination (From Class to Race, 2003). C. W. Mills, From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (2003); The Racial Contract (1997)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
و. إ. ب. دو بويز
تأثّر بـ
Mills took up Du Bois’s ‘color line’ as a global structure of white supremacy (The Racial Contract, 1997) and later read him as a ‘Black radical liberal’ (2018). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); “W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Liberal”, in N. Bromell (ed.), A Political Companion to W. E. B. Du Bois (2018)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
و. إ. ب. دو بويز › 1868–1963
كارول بيتمان
تأثّر بـ
Mills modelled The Racial Contract (1997) on Pateman’s The Sexual Contract, which he called its inspiration, and later wrote Contract and Domination with her (2007). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); C. Pateman and C. W. Mills, Contract and Domination (2007)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارول بيتمان › وُلد 1940
النقد
ينتقد 5
توماس هوبز
انتقد
Mills noted that Hobbes, denying that the state of nature ever generally existed, located it among ‘the savage people in many places of America’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 13
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
جون لوك
انتقد
Mills argued that Locke’s theory of property through labour let Native American land appear as vacant waste – part of a ‘racial contract’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون لوك › 1632–1704
جان جاك روسو
انتقد
Mills argued that Rousseau’s ‘savages’ are always non-Europeans, and that his account of Europe’s lead through metallurgy and agriculture is historically inaccurate (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (1755), part II
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
إيمانويل كانط
انتقد
Mills argued that Kant’s theory of personhood, read together with his racial theory, in practice treated non-whites as ‘sub-persons’ (‘Kant’s Untermenschen’, 2005). C. W. Mills, “Kant’s Untermenschen”, in A. Valls (ed.), Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy (2005); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
جون رولز
انتقد
Mills objected that Rawls’s ideal theory, assuming a well-ordered society, has little to say about racial injustice and its correction (Black Rights/White Wrongs, 2017). C. W. Mills, “‘Ideal Theory’ as Ideology”, Hypatia 20 (2005); “Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls”, Southern Journal of Philosophy 47 (2009); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
الأعمال
العقد الاجتماعي في الفلسفة السياسية الحديثة مقروءًا كما عمل في الواقع: اتفاق بين البيض جعل غير البيض أقل من أشخاص كاملين – تدعمه «إبستمولوجيا الجهل».
الموقف
“The Racial Contract” turned social-contract theory against itself. Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Kant described a contract among free and equal persons; Mills argues that the real contract underlying modern European expansion was a “racial contract” among whites, which classified non-whites as less than full persons and legitimised conquest, slavery and segregation. The contract is not a metaphor for prejudice but a political system, “global white supremacy”, which mainstream political philosophy has passed over in silence. Part of it is an inverted “epistemology of ignorance”: a “white ignorance” that leaves those who benefit from domination unable to see it. In later work Mills criticised Rawls and his successors for their “ideal theory”, which assumes a well-ordered society and therefore has little to say about correcting historical injustice. His answer was not to abandon liberalism but to transform it into a “Black radical liberalism” that puts race and the legacy of racial domination at the centre of the question of justice.
الحياة والسياق
Charles W. Mills (1951–2021) was born in London and grew up in Kingston, Jamaica. He studied physics at the University of the West Indies and taught it in Jamaica before turning to philosophy at the University of Toronto, where he completed a doctorate on the concept of ideology in Marx and Engels in 1985. He taught at the University of Oklahoma and for seventeen years at the University of Illinois at Chicago, then at Northwestern University as John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and, from 2016, as Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center in New York. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017 and died of cancer in 2021.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Blackness Visible (1998)
- From Class to Race (2003)
- Contract and Domination (with Carole Pateman, 2007)
- Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
يرد في
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