توماس هوبز
بلا دولة ستكون الحياة حربًا للجميع ضد الجميع، فيتفق الناس على الخضوع لحاكم قوي يحفظ السلم.
التموضع
في حالة الطبيعة حرب الجميع ضد الجميع – ولا يصون السلام إلا عقد اجتماعي وسيّد قوي.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- حالة الطبيعة
- العقد الاجتماعي
- اللفياثان
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
نيكولو مكيافيلي
تأثّر بـ مختلف عليها
The link is disputed; it rests on three discourses in Horae Subsecivae (1620), attributed to the young Hobbes by computer analysis, which read Tacitus in a Machiavellian vein. N. B. Reynolds and A. W. Saxonhouse (eds.), Thomas Hobbes: Three Discourses (1995); Horae Subsecivae (1620)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكولو مكيافيلي › 1469–1527
فرانسيس بيكون
تأثّر بـ ✓
Hobbes served Bacon as secretary in his last years, taking down his thoughts and helping translate Essays into Latin (Aubrey); how far Bacon shaped him is debated. J. Aubrey, Brief Lives, “Thomas Hobbes”; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
فرانسيس بيكون › 1561–1626
غاليليو غاليلي
تأثّر بـ
Hobbes visited Galileo in 1636 and, in the dedication of De Corpore (1655), praised him for opening the gate of natural philosophy through the nature of motion. T. Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Epistle Dedicatory; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
غاليليو غاليلي › 1564–1642
أثّر في 7
باروخ سبينوزا
أثّر في ✓
Spinoza took Hobbes’ thesis that natural right extends as far as power (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670), but kept natural right intact in the civil state (letter to Jelles, 1674). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670); letter to J. Jelles (1674); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
باروخ سبينوزا › 1632–1677
غوتفريد لايبنتس
أثّر في ✓
The young Leibniz wrote to Hobbes in 1670 and built his early physics on Hobbes’ conatus, the beginning of motion (Theory of Abstract Motion, 1671). G. W. Leibniz, letter to T. Hobbes (1670); Theoria motus abstracti (1671); SEP “Leibniz’s Philosophy of Physics”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
غوتفريد لايبنتس › 1646–1716
ديفيد هيوم
أثّر في
Paul Russell (1985) argued that the scope and plan of Hume’s Treatise (1739–40) were modelled on Hobbes’ Elements of Law (1640); the thesis is debated. P. Russell, “Hume’s Treatise and Hobbes’s The Elements of Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (1985); The Riddle of Hume’s Treatise (2008)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776
فرديناند تونيز
أثّر في
Tönnies edited Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth (1889), wrote a Hobbes monograph (1896) and modelled his Gesellschaft, an association of calculating individuals, partly on Hobbes. F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Hobbes Leben und Lehre (1896); T. Hobbes, The Elements of Law and Behemoth, ed. F. Tönnies (1889)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرديناند تونيز › 1855–1936
كارل شميت
أثّر في ✓
Schmitt took Hobbes’s ‘auctoritas, non veritas facit legem’ as the formula of decisionism (Politische Theologie, 1922) and later examined the Leviathan as a failed political symbol (1938). C. Schmitt, Politische Theologie (1922); Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes (1938); SEP “Carl Schmitt”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
كارل شميت › 1888–1985
تالكوت بارسونز
أثّر في
Parsons made the ‘Hobbesian problem of order’, why society does not dissolve into a war of all against all, the starting point of his action theory (1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651); SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تالكوت بارسونز › 1902–1979
نوربرتو بوبيو
أثّر في
Bobbio edited Hobbes’s De cive in Italian (1948) and read him as the founder of the modern natural-law model of the state (Thomas Hobbes, 1989). N. Bobbio, Thomas Hobbes (1989); T. Hobbes, Elementi filosofici sul cittadino, ed. N. Bobbio (1948); N. Bobbio and M. Bovero, Società e stato nella filosofia politica moderna (1979)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نوربرتو بوبيو › 1909–2004
النقد
انتقده 10
مارغريت كافنديش أثّر في
أثّر في
Through her husband’s circle, which included Hobbes, Cavendish shared his view that nature is wholly material, but made matter self-moving and perceptive (Philosophical and Physical Opinions, 1655). M. Cavendish, Philosophical and Physical Opinions (1655); Philosophical Letters (1664); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Cavendish rejected Hobbes’s account of perception as pressure transmitted from objects to the organs, holding that perceiving matter patterns the object by its own motions (Philosophical Letters, 1664). M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I (letters on Hobbes); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
مارغريت كافنديش › 1623–1673
آن كانواي
انتقده
Conway rejected Hobbes’s materialism, including his claim that God is corporeal, holding that body as Hobbes conceives it could neither think nor feel (Principles, 1690, ch. 9). A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690), ch. 9; SEP “Anne Conway”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آن كانواي › 1631–1679
جون لوك أثّر في
أثّر في ✓
Locke’s early Two Tracts on Government (1660–62) defended an absolute magistrate close to Hobbes; later he kept the state of nature and consent but denied reading Hobbes closely. J. Locke, Two Tracts on Government, ed. P. Abrams (1967); replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
انتقده
Locke set the state of nature apart from the state of war and rejected absolute rule as its remedy (Second Treatise, 1689, §§19, 93); Hobbes is not named. J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), §§13, 19, 90–94; SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون لوك › 1632–1704
أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري)
انتقده
Shaftesbury rejected Hobbes’s picture of humans as solely self-interested, holding that natural affection for others and for the common good belongs to human nature (Sensus Communis, 1709). Shaftesbury, Sensus Communis (1709), II.1, III.1; An Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (1699/1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري) › 1671–1713
مونتسكيو
انتقده
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
مونتسكيو › 1689–1755
جان جاك روسو أثّر في
أثّر في
In The Social Contract (1762) Rousseau praised Hobbes as the only Christian author who dared to reunite the ‘two heads of the eagle’, state and church. J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), “De la religion civile”; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
انتقده
Rousseau objected that Hobbes gave natural man the passions of social man and overlooked natural pity (Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, 1755, Part I). J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (1755), Part I; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
عرض الكل (10)عرض أقل
كاثرين ماكولاي
انتقده
Macaulay’s Loose Remarks on Hobbes’s Philosophical Rudiments of Government (1767) rejected his case for absolute sovereignty and appended a sketch of a democratic constitution. C. Macaulay, Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be Found in Mr. Hobbes’s Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society (1767); SEP “Catharine Macaulay”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كاثرين ماكولاي › 1731–1791
ماري ميدغلي
انتقده
Midgley used ethology against Hobbes’s picture of humans as natural egoists: sociability and care are as much part of evolved human nature as competition (Beast and Man, 1978). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene (2010)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماري ميدغلي › 1919–2018
كارول بيتمان
انتقده
Pateman held that Hobbes grants women natural equality and mothers original dominion, yet his civil order rests on their subjection by conquest and contract (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); “‘God Hath Ordained to Man a Helper’: Hobbes, Patriarchy and Conjugal Right”, British Journal of Political Science 19 (1989)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارول بيتمان › وُلد 1940
تشارلز وايد ميلز
انتقده
Mills noted that Hobbes, denying that the state of nature ever generally existed, located it among ‘the savage people in many places of America’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 13
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز وايد ميلز › 1951–2021
ينتقد 2
أرسطو
انتقد
Hobbes wrote that scarcely anything is more absurd than Aristotle’s Metaphysics or more repugnant to government than his Politics, attacking ‘separated essences’ (Leviathan, 1651, ch. 46). T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 46
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
رينيه ديكارت
انتقد
Hobbes argued that a thinking thing might be corporeal and that we have no idea of God or of the soul in Descartes’ sense (Third Objections, 1641). Descartes, Meditationes (1641), Third Objections and Replies (AT VII 171–196)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
الأعمال
- 1651اللفياثان
السبيل الوحيد للخروج من حرب الجميع ضد الجميع: عقد ينشئ سيادة مطلقة.
الموقف
Hobbes wanted to build political philosophy on the model of geometry and mechanics. Human beings are bodies in motion, driven by desire and above all by fear of violent death. Without a common power, life would be a war of all against all – “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”. Reason therefore leads people to a social contract in which they transfer their rights to a sovereign, the Leviathan, whose power must be undivided to guarantee peace. Hobbes grounded the state not on divine right but on the consent and interest of individuals. He thereby founded modern contract theory, with which Locke, Rousseau and Kant all argued.
الحياة والسياق
Born in Malmesbury in 1588, Hobbes studied at Oxford and spent much of his life as tutor and secretary to the Cavendish family. On his travels he met Galileo and the circle of Mersenne in Paris. Fearing the coming civil war, he fled to France in 1640, where he tutored the future Charles II. Back in England from 1651, he lived on, much disputed, until 1679.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Elements of Law (1640)
- On the Citizen (De Cive) (1642)
- Leviathan (1651)
- On Body (De Corpore) (1655)
- Behemoth (c. 1668)
يرد في
- رحلة «ما العادل؟» · المحطة 3 من 10
- نقاش «هل نحن أحرار؟ حرية الإرادة في عصر علوم الأعصاب»
- نقاش «الحرب والسلم: متى يكون استخدام القوة المسلحة مسوَّغًا؟»
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora