مونتسكيو
لا تبقى الحرية إلا حين تُقسَّم السلطة – فيجب أن تنفصل سلطات التشريع والحكم والقضاء كي يراقب بعضها بعضًا.
التموضع
الفصل بين السلطات ضامنًا للحرية: تراقب السلطة التنفيذية والتشريعية والقضائية إحداها الأخرى.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الفصل بين السلطات
- روح القوانين
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
نيكولو مكيافيلي
تأثّر بـ
In Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans (1734) Montesquieu shared Machiavelli’s thesis from the Discourses that internal dissensions helped preserve Roman liberty. Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734); Dictionnaire Montesquieu (ENS Lyon), “Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكولو مكيافيلي › 1469–1527
جون لوك
تأثّر بـ
Montesquieu’s account of the English constitution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) is commonly read as recasting Locke’s legislative and executive powers into three separated powers. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), Book XI; J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689); SEP “Montesquieu”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون لوك › 1632–1704
أثّر في 10
جان جاك روسو
أثّر في
Rousseau accepted as ‘established by Montesquieu’ the principle that liberty, not being a fruit of every climate, is not within every people’s reach (Social Contract, 1762). J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), Book III; Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
آدم فيرغسون
أثّر في ✓
Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) builds on Montesquieu’s comparative politics; recalling Montesquieu, he was ‘at a loss’ why he should treat of human affairs. A. Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), ed. F. Oz-Salzberger (1995)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
آدم فيرغسون › 1723–1816
إدموند بيرك
أثّر في ✓
Closing An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Burke praised Montesquieu’s study of the English constitution as the work of a rare, wide-ranging genius. E. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791); SEP “Edmund Burke”
إدموند بيرك › 1729–1797
سيزاري بيكاريا
أثّر في ✓
Beccaria opened On Crimes and Punishments (1764) by invoking ‘the immortal President Montesquieu’ and built on his view that punishments beyond necessity are tyrannical. C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); letter to A. Morellet (1766); Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
سيزاري بيكاريا › 1738–1794
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
أثّر في ✓
In the Philosophy of Right (1820) Hegel praised Montesquieu for treating laws not in isolation but as part of the whole character of a nation and its age. G. W. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820), Introduction; SEP “Hegel’s Social and Political Philosophy”
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
إميل دوركايم
أثّر في ✓
In his Latin thesis (1892) Durkheim credited Montesquieu with seeing that social institutions form a system and vary with the type of society, a step towards social science. É. Durkheim, Quid Secundatus politicae scientiae instituendae contulerit (1892), in Montesquieu et Rousseau, précurseurs de la sociologie (1953); SEP “Montesquieu”
إميل دوركايم › 1858–1917
عرض الكل (10)عرض أقل
جون ميلار
أثّر في
Millar’s Historical View of the English Government (1787/1803) says ‘the great Montesquieu pointed out the road’, calling him the Bacon and Smith the Newton of this science. J. Millar, An Historical View of the English Government (1787; 4 vols., 1803), Liberty Fund ed. (2006); J. Craig, Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar (1806)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون ميلار › 1735–1801
رفاعة الطهطاوي
أثّر في
Al-Tahtawi reported that in Paris he read Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws with a tutor, and his account of French government with its translation of the charter of 1814 drew on this reading of law and constitution. R. al-Ṭahṭāwī, Takhlīṣ al-ibrīz (1834); tr. D. L. Newman, An Imam in Paris (2004)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رفاعة الطهطاوي › 1801–1873
ألكسيس دو توكفيل
أثّر في ✓
Like Montesquieu, Tocqueville explained a people’s laws through its mores and circumstances (Democracy in America, 1835–40); Raymond Aron placed both among the founders of sociology. A. de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique (1835–40); R. Aron, Les étapes de la pensée sociologique (1967)
ألكسيس دو توكفيل › 1805–1859
ين فو
أثّر في
Yan Fu translated The Spirit of the Laws as Fayi (1904–09), adding commentaries that compared Montesquieu’s typology of governments with Chinese institutions. Yan Fu, Fayi (1904–09); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ين فو › 1854–1921
النقد
ينتقد 2
أرسطو
انتقد
Montesquieu faulted Aristotle for classifying monarchies not by the form of the constitution but by accidents such as the prince’s virtues or vices (De l’esprit des lois, 1748). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), XI.9 (“De la manière de penser d’Aristote”)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
توماس هوبز
انتقد
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
الأعمال
- 1748روح القوانين
المناخ والعادات والدساتير – والفصل بين السلطات.
الموقف
Montesquieu asked why laws differ so widely between peoples and found the answer in their relationships to the form of government, climate, religion, trade, customs and geography – the “spirit” of a nation’s laws. He distinguished republics based on virtue, monarchies based on honour and despotisms based on fear. To protect liberty from despotism, power must check power: legislative, executive and judicial functions should be separated and balanced, as he believed they were in England. This doctrine of the separation of powers entered the American Constitution and the constitutions of modern democracies, and his comparative approach anticipated sociology.
الحياة والسياق
Charles-Louis de Secondat was born in 1689 at La Brède near Bordeaux and inherited both the title Baron de Montesquieu and a high office in the Bordeaux parliament. His satirical Persian Letters made him famous in 1721. He sold his office, travelled through Europe and spent nearly two years in England. After twenty years of work he published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748 and died in Paris in 1755.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Persian Letters (1721)
- Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline (1734)
- The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
يرد في
- رحلة «كيف خرج علم الاجتماع من الفلسفة» · المحطة 3 من 12
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