نوربرتو بوبيو
الديمقراطية قبل كل شيء مجموعة قواعد تحدد من يقرر وبأي إجراء؛ ولم تفِ بكل وعودها، لكنها تتيح تداول السلطة بلا إراقة دماء، ويتحدد اليسار بالتزامه بمزيد من المساواة.
التموضع
فيلسوف قانون وسياسة من تورينو عرّف الديمقراطية بـ«قواعد اللعبة» الإجرائية، ودرس المفاهيم السياسية من هوبز إلى غرامشي، ورأى أن التمييز بين اليسار واليمين يدور حول الموقف من المساواة.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الديمقراطية الإجرائية الدنيا
- اليسار واليمين والمساواة
- عصر الحقوق
- الاشتراكية الليبرالية والحوار
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
توماس هوبز
تأثّر بـ
Bobbio edited Hobbes’s De cive in Italian (1948) and read him as the founder of the modern natural-law model of the state (Thomas Hobbes, 1989). N. Bobbio, Thomas Hobbes (1989); T. Hobbes, Elementi filosofici sul cittadino, ed. N. Bobbio (1948); N. Bobbio and M. Bovero, Società e stato nella filosofia politica moderna (1979)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
إيمانويل كانط
تأثّر بـ
Bobbio studied Kant’s philosophy of law (1957) and took Kant’s ‘sign of history’ in the French Revolution as evidence of progress in rights (L’età dei diritti, 1990). N. Bobbio, Diritto e stato nel pensiero di Emanuele Kant (1957); L’età dei diritti (1990); I. Kant, Der Streit der Fakultäten (1798)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
جايتانو موسكا
تأثّر بـ
Bobbio placed Mosca’s theory of the ruling minority in the history of Italian political science and examined its relation to democracy (Saggi sulla scienza politica in Italia, 1969). N. Bobbio, Saggi sulla scienza politica in Italia (1969); G. Mosca, Elementi di scienza politica (1896)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جايتانو موسكا › 1858–1941
أنطونيو غرامشي
تأثّر بـ
Bobbio argued that Gramsci, unlike Marx, placed civil society in the superstructure, making hegemony a matter of consent (‘Gramsci e la concezione della società civile’, 1967). N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنطونيو غرامشي › 1891–1937
أثّر في 1
يورغن هابرماس
أثّر في
In Between Facts and Norms (1992) Habermas started from Bobbio’s procedural minimal definition of democracy (The Future of Democracy, 1984) and extended it into a deliberative model. J. Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung (1992); N. Bobbio, Il futuro della democrazia (1984)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
الأعمال
يعرّف الديمقراطية بقواعد للقرارات الجماعية ويفحص «وعودها المنكوثة»: بقاء الأوليغارشيات والسلطة غير المرئية وقصور تعليم المواطنين.
يجادل بأن التمييز بين اليسار واليمين يبقى لأنه يقوم على مواقف مختلفة من المساواة، بينما تميّز الحرية المعتدلين من المتطرفين.
الموقف
Bobbio is on the map as one of the leading voices of Italian legal and political philosophy after 1945. As a legal theorist he brought Hans Kelsen’s legal positivism and analytical methods into Italian jurisprudence and treated law as an ordered system of norms. In political philosophy he wrote studies on the classics from Hobbes and Kant to Marx, Gramsci, Mosca and Pareto, and argued that democracy is best defined by procedural rules: who is authorised to make collective decisions and how. “The Future of Democracy” (1984) measured real democracies against their “broken promises”, and “Left and Right” (1994) located the core of that distinction in the attitude towards equality. Politically he stood for a liberal socialism that joined the defence of rights with social equality, and for a critical dialogue with the communists, whom he challenged to state a Marxist theory of democracy and the state. Habermas took up his procedural definition of democracy; Perry Anderson, in a sympathetic critique (1988), questioned whether liberalism and socialism can be combined as Bobbio hoped. When a letter of 1935 was published in 1992, in which Bobbio, after his arrest, had assured Mussolini of his loyalty to fascism in order to protect his university career, he acknowledged it publicly and described it as an example of the servility that dictatorship forces on people.
الحياة والسياق
Norberto Bobbio was born on 18 October 1909 in Turin, the son of a surgeon. At the Liceo Massimo d’Azeglio his schoolmates and friends included Leone Ginzburg and Cesare Pavese. He took a degree in law in 1931 under the legal philosopher Gioele Solari and one in philosophy in 1933, and taught philosophy of law at Camerino from 1935, at Siena from 1938 and at Padua from 1940. In 1935 he was briefly arrested in a police operation against the antifascist group Giustizia e Libertà. In 1942 he joined the Partito d’Azione; from December 1943 he was imprisoned in Padua for some months, and in 1946 he stood unsuccessfully for the Constituent Assembly. From 1948 he taught philosophy of law at the University of Turin and from 1972 political philosophy, until his retirement in 1979. In the 1950s he conducted a public debate with communist intellectuals, collected in “Politics and Culture” (1955), and later wrote widely in the press on democracy, rights and peace. In 1984 President Sandro Pertini appointed him a senator for life. He died in Turin on 9 January 2004.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Politics and Culture (Politica e cultura, 1955)
- Theory of the Legal Order (Teoria dell’ordinamento giuridico, 1960)
- Which Socialism? (Quale socialismo?, 1976)
- The Age of Rights (L’età dei diritti, 1990)
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora