غاليليو غاليلي
تتبع الطبيعة قوانين رياضية، ونكتشفها بالقياس والتجريب لا بالوثوق بالسلطات القديمة.
التموضع
كتاب الطبيعة مكتوب بلغة الرياضيات («المُعيِّر» Il Saggiatore، 1623): وبملاحظات التلسكوب وتجارب الحركة أسهم في تأسيس الفيزياء الرياضية التجريبية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- ترييض الطبيعة
- التجربة
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
أفلاطون
تأثّر بـ
Galileo’s Dialogo (1632) alludes to Plato’s doctrine of recollection; Koyré read his mathematical physics as Platonism, a thesis many historians qualify (‘Galileo and Plato’, 1943). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); A. Koyré, “Galileo and Plato”, Journal of the History of Ideas 4 (1943); SEP “Galileo Galilei”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أفلاطون › 428–348 ق.م
يحيى النحوي
تأثّر بـ
In his early De motu (c. 1590) Galileo cited Philoponus, whose objections to Aristotle’s dynamics of motion in a medium and in the void he partly shared. Galileo, De motu antiquiora (c. 1590); SEP “Philoponus”; R. Sorabji (ed.), Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science (1987)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يحيى النحوي › نحو 490–570
جان بوريدان
تأثّر بـ مختلف عليها
Galileo’s early De motu (c. 1590) used an impressed force close to Buridan’s impetus; whether Paris impetus theory led to his mechanics, as Duhem claimed, is disputed. Galileo, De motu antiquiora (c. 1590); P. Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, vol. III (1913); SEP “John Buridan”; SEP “Galileo Galilei”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان بوريدان › نحو 1300–1360
نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس
تأثّر بـ
Galileo defended Copernicus’ heliocentric system with telescopic evidence (Sidereus nuncius, 1610) and in the Dialogo (1632), which led to his condemnation in 1633. Galileo, Sidereus nuncius (1610); Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); SEP “Galileo Galilei”; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس › 1473–1543
أثّر في 4
توماسو كامبانيلا
أثّر في
In his Apologia pro Galilaeo (written 1616, printed 1622) Campanella defended Galileo’s freedom to pursue Copernican astronomy and held it compatible with Scripture. T. Campanella, Apologia pro Galilaeo (written 1616, printed Frankfurt 1622); SEP “Tommaso Campanella”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماسو كامبانيلا › 1568–1639
توماس هوبز
أثّر في
Hobbes visited Galileo in 1636 and, in the dedication of De Corpore (1655), praised him for opening the gate of natural philosophy through the nature of motion. T. Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Epistle Dedicatory; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
بيير جاسندي
أثّر في
Gassendi corresponded with Galileo and tested his principle of shared motion by dropping stones from a moving ship’s mast (On Motion Impressed by a Moving Mover, 1642). P. Gassendi, De motu impresso a motore translato (1642); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيير جاسندي › 1592–1655
إسحاق نيوتن
أثّر في
Newton credited Galileo with having used the first two laws of motion to find the law of fall and the parabolic path of projectiles (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638); SEP “Isaac Newton”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إسحاق نيوتن › 1643–1727
النقد
ينتقد 1
أرسطو
انتقد
Galileo argued against Aristotle’s physics – that heavier bodies fall faster and the heavens cannot change – in the Dialogue (1632) and Two New Sciences (1638). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi (1632), Day 1; Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche (1638), Day 1; SEP “Galileo Galilei”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
الأعمال
كوبرنيكوس في مقابل بطليموس – الكتاب الذي أفضى إلى المحاكمة.
الموقف
Galileo showed how nature should be studied: by combining precise experiment with mathematical reasoning. The book of nature, he wrote, is written in the language of mathematics, in triangles, circles and other figures. He separated measurable “primary” qualities such as size, shape and motion from “secondary” ones such as colour and taste, which exist only in the perceiver. His laws of falling bodies and his principle of inertia overturned Aristotelian physics. In his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina he quoted a churchman, usually identified as Cardinal Baronius: the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. His conflict with the Church became the lasting emblem of the struggle between science and authority.
الحياة والسياق
Born in Pisa in 1564, Galileo taught mathematics in Pisa and Padua. With a telescope he built in 1609 he discovered the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and mountains on the moon, and became court mathematician in Florence. His defence of Copernicus led to his trial by the Inquisition in 1633; he spent his last years under house arrest near Florence and died in 1642.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Starry Messenger (1610)
- Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
- The Assayer (1623)
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
- Two New Sciences (1638)
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