مارغريت كافنديش
الطبيعة كلها مادة تحسّ وتتحرك وتفكر بنفسها – فلا عقل لا مادي ولا آلية بلا حياة.
التموضع
دوقة نيوكاسل ومؤلفة غزيرة الإنتاج: الطبيعة كلها مادة تحسّ وتعقل – ضد العقل اللامادي عند ديكارت وآلية هوبز وتجريبيي الجمعية الملكية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- المادية الحيوية
- مادة ذاتية الحركة تدرك
- نقد الفلسفة التجريبية
النقد
ينتقد 2
توماس هوبز تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ
Through her husband’s circle, which included Hobbes, Cavendish shared his view that nature is wholly material, but made matter self-moving and perceptive (Philosophical and Physical Opinions, 1655). M. Cavendish, Philosophical and Physical Opinions (1655); Philosophical Letters (1664); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقد
Cavendish rejected Hobbes’s account of perception as pressure transmitted from objects to the organs, holding that perceiving matter patterns the object by its own motions (Philosophical Letters, 1664). M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I (letters on Hobbes); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
رينيه ديكارت
انتقد
In Philosophical Letters (1664) Cavendish rejected Descartes’ separation of an immaterial mind from inert matter, holding that all matter is self-moving, perceptive and rational. M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I; SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
الأعمال
رواية يوتوبية مُلحقة بـ«الملاحظات»: إمبراطورة تحكم عالمًا من الرجال-الحيوانات وتجادل علماءه – عمل مبكر في الخيال العلمي.
ضد المجهريين في الجمعية الملكية: الطبيعة مادة عارفة بذاتها محرِّكة لذاتها، لا آلة.
الموقف
Cavendish developed a materialism different from Hobbes’: nature is one infinite, self-moving body, and every part of it has sense and reason, so that matter perceives and knows. Against Descartes she denied an immaterial soul; against mechanism she denied that motion is transferred by impact, arguing that each body moves itself in response to others. Against the experimentalists she argued that microscopes distort rather than reveal. She also wrote on women’s exclusion from learning and public life, sometimes defending it, more often protesting it, and in “The Blazing World” a woman becomes empress of another world. Mocked in her lifetime as “Mad Madge”, she has been rediscovered as an original metaphysician.
الحياة والسياق
Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), born Margaret Lucas in Essex, went into exile in Paris as maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria and there married William Cavendish, later Duke of Newcastle, whose circle included Hobbes, Gassendi and Descartes. Back in England after 1660, she published a dozen books under her own name, and in 1667 became the first woman to attend a meeting of the Royal Society.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Philosophical Letters (1664)
- Grounds of Natural Philosophy (1668)
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