تالكوت بارسونز
يتماسك المجتمع لأن الناس يتشاطرون القيم، ولأن على كل نظام اجتماعي أن يؤدي المهام الأساسية نفسها كي يبقى.
التموضع
عالم اجتماع من هارفارد سادت نظريته علم الاجتماع الأمريكي في الخمسينيات: صهر فيبر ودوركايم وفرويد في نظرية عامة للفعل والنظم الاجتماعية – وصار الهدف الرئيسي للجيل التالي.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- النظرية الإرادوية في الفعل
- الوظيفية البنيوية
- مخطط AGIL
- مشكلة النظام الاجتماعي
التلاميذ: روبرت كيه ميرتون, هارولد جارفينكل, نيكلاس لوهمان
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 6
توماس هوبز
تأثّر بـ
Parsons made the ‘Hobbesian problem of order’, why society does not dissolve into a war of all against all, the starting point of his action theory (1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651); SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
فيلفريدو باريتو
تأثّر بـ
Parsons devoted part of The Structure of Social Action (1937) to Pareto, reading his theory of non-logical action and residues as converging on a voluntaristic theory of action. T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), part II; V. Pareto, Trattato di sociologia generale (1916)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فيلفريدو باريتو › 1848–1923
سيغموند فرويد
تأثّر بـ
Parsons used Freud’s superego to explain how cultural values are internalised in socialisation, linking personality to the social system (‘The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1952). T. Parsons, “The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems”, Psychiatry 15 (1952), in Social Structure and Personality (1964)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيغموند فرويد › 1856–1939
إميل دوركايم
تأثّر بـ
Parsons read Durkheim as moving from positivism to a voluntaristic theory of action in which internalised shared norms constitute social order (The Structure of Social Action, 1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), part II; H. Joas and W. Knöbl, Sozialtheorie (2004)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إميل دوركايم › 1858–1917
ماكس فيبر
تأثّر بـ
Parsons translated The Protestant Ethic (1930) and made Weber, with Durkheim, Pareto and Marshall, a source of his voluntaristic theory of action (The Structure of Social Action, 1937). M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. T. Parsons (1930); T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); SEP “Max Weber”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماكس فيبر › 1864–1920
برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي
تأثّر بـ ✓
Parsons heard Malinowski at the LSE (1924–25) and later read his functionalism as a step towards social systems theory (‘Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1957). T. Parsons, “Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems”, in R. Firth (ed.), Man and Culture (1957)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي › 1884–1942
أثّر في 5
روبرت كيه ميرتون علّم
علّم
Merton took Parsons’s first courses in sociological theory as a graduate student at Harvard in the early 1930s; his dissertation on science in seventeenth-century England (1938) was supervised by Pitirim Sorokin and guided by the historian of science George Sarton. R. K. Merton, “Remembering the Young Talcott Parsons”, The American Sociologist 15 (1980)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
روبرت كيه ميرتون › 1910–2003
هارولد جارفينكل علّم
علّم ✓
Garfinkel took his PhD at Harvard in 1952 under Parsons with The Perception of the Other: A Study in Social Order; ethnomethodology grew out of his questions to Parsons’s theory of action. H. Garfinkel, The Perception of the Other (diss. Harvard 1952); J. Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (1984)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
هارولد جارفينكل › 1917–2011
كليفورد جيرتز
أثّر في ✓
Trained in Harvard’s Department of Social Relations, Geertz used Parsons’s distinction between cultural and social system to explain a failed Javanese funeral (‘Ritual and Social Change’, 1957). C. Geertz, “Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example”, American Anthropologist 59 (1957), in The Interpretation of Cultures (1973); “Passage and Accident” (2000)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
كليفورد جيرتز › 1926–2006
نيكلاس لوهمان علّم
علّم
Luhmann, then an administrative official, spent 1960–61 at Harvard on a scholarship and attended Parsons’s seminars; a one-year stay. He took his doctorate and Habilitation later, both in Münster in 1966. N. Luhmann, Archimedes und wir. Interviews (1987)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكلاس لوهمان › 1927–1998
يورغن هابرماس
أثّر في ✓
Habermas took over Parsons’s account of money and power as steering media to conceive economy and state as systems, distinct from the lifeworld (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II, “Talcott Parsons: Konstruktionsprobleme der Gesellschaftstheorie”; T. Parsons, “On the Concept of Political Power” (1963)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
النقد
انتقده 4
هربرت بلامر
انتقده
Blumer objected that Parsons and the functionalists treat actors as passive media of social forces, neglecting how people interpret their situations (Symbolic Interactionism, 1969). H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method (1969), ch. 1; N. J. Smelser, “Remembering Herbert Blumer”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هربرت بلامر › 1900–1987
رايت ميلز
انتقده
In The Sociological Imagination (1959) Mills attacked Parsons’s ‘grand theory’, translating passages of The Social System into a few plain sentences and faulting its neglect of power. C. W. Mills, The Sociological Imagination (1959), ch. 2
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رايت ميلز › 1916–1962
أنتوني غيدنز
انتقده
Giddens objected that Parsons’s normative functionalism turns actors into ‘cultural dopes’ and attributes needs to social systems, countering with structuration theory (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); Central Problems in Social Theory (1979)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنتوني غيدنز › وُلد 1938
ريوين كونيل
انتقده
Connell rejected the sex-role theory Parsons built on instrumental and expressive family roles, arguing that it naturalises gender and leaves power and change unexplained (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987), ch. 3; T. Parsons & R. F. Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process (1955)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريوين كونيل › وُلد 1944
ينتقد 1
هربرت سبنسر
انتقد
Parsons opened The Structure of Social Action (1937) with Brinton’s question ‘Who now reads Spencer?’, declaring Spencer’s positivist, utilitarian evolutionism dead. T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), ch. 1; C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1933)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هربرت سبنسر › 1820–1903
الأعمال
يقرأ مارشال وباريتو ودوركايم وفيبر متقاربين نحو نظرية «إرادوية» واحدة في الفعل: الفاعلون يختارون غاياتهم، لكن ضمن معايير يتشاركونها.
الوظيفية البنيوية في صيغتها المتقنة: كيف يحافظ النسق الاجتماعي على النظام عبر القيم المشتركة والأدوار والتنشئة – الهدف الرئيس لنقاد «النظرية الكبرى».
الموقف
The Structure of Social Action (1937) read Alfred Marshall, Vilfredo Pareto, Durkheim and Weber as converging on a single “voluntaristic” theory of action: people pursue ends, but choose their goals and means within norms and values they share. This, Parsons argued, answers the “Hobbesian problem of order” – why society does not collapse into a war of all against all. From The Social System (1951) on he built a vast conceptual architecture. Every action system must fulfil four functions – adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latent pattern maintenance (the AGIL scheme) – which in society are served by the economy, the polity, the “societal community” of law and norms, and the institutions of family, education and culture. “Pattern variables” describe the choices between traditional and modern orientations. With Freud he explained how values are internalised in socialisation, and his concept of the “sick role” helped found medical sociology. From the late 1950s critics such as C. Wright Mills, Ralf Dahrendorf and Alvin Gouldner charged that his structural functionalism was abstract, conservative and blind to conflict and power. Yet his systems thinking lived on, transformed, in Niklas Luhmann and Jürgen Habermas.
الحياة والسياق
Talcott Parsons was born in 1902 in Colorado Springs, the son of a Congregationalist minister who later became a college president. He studied biology and then economics at Amherst College, spent 1924–25 at the London School of Economics, where he heard the anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, and then went to Heidelberg, where he took his doctorate with a thesis on the concept of capitalism in Werner Sombart and Max Weber. In 1930 he published the first English translation of Weber’s Protestant Ethic. He taught at Harvard from 1927 until 1973 and in 1946 founded its interdisciplinary Department of Social Relations. For two decades he was the leading figure of American sociology. He died in Munich in 1979, during a visit to Germany that had taken him back to Heidelberg.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Toward a General Theory of Action (with Edward Shils and others, 1951)
- Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives (1966)
- The System of Modern Societies (1971)
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