थामस एक्विनास
एक्विनास के अनुसार, तर्क और आस्था सहमत हैं: तर्क संसार की विशेषताओं – गति, कार्य-कारण और व्यवस्था – से सिद्ध कर सकता है कि ईश्वर है, और प्राकृतिक विधि सबको बताती है कि क्या उचित है।
पृष्ठभूमि
अरस्तू और ईसाई धर्मशास्त्र का समन्वय: ईश्वर तक पाँच मार्ग और प्राकृतिक विधि का सिद्धांत।
मुख्य विचार
- पाँच मार्ग
- प्राकृतिक विधि
- सत्ता की सादृश्यता
गुरु: अल्बर्ट माग्नुस
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 9
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Aquinas made Aristotle’s philosophy of nature and the soul the framework of his theology and, chiefly in 1268–73, commented on a dozen of his works. Thomas Aquinas, Sentencia libri De anima; In Metaphysicam; Sententia libri Ethicorum; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
ऑगस्टीन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Aquinas read Augustine’s doctrine of divine illumination as the God-given natural light of the agent intellect (Summa theologiae I q. 84 a. 5). Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 84 a. 5; SEP “Divine Illumination”; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
ऑगस्टीन › 354–430
छद्म-डायोनिसियस अरेओपागीटेस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Aquinas commented on Dionysius’ Divine Names and cited him often, taking up the threefold way of affirmation, negation and eminence for naming God. Thomas Aquinas, In librum Beati Dionysii De divinis nominibus expositio; Summa theologiae I q. 13; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
छद्म-डायोनिसियस अरेओपागीटेस › लगभग 480–530
अबू अली सीना
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In On Being and Essence (c. 1255) Aquinas took up Avicenna’s distinction of essence and existence, citing him often; elsewhere he rejected his necessary emanation of the world. Thomas Aquinas, De ente et essentia (c. 1255); Summa theologiae I q. 47 a. 1; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”; SEP “Ibn Sina [Avicenna]”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अबू अली सीना › 980–1037
अल ग़ज़ाली
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Thomas, like Albert, used the Latin translation of al-Ghazali’s Doctrines of the Philosophers (Maqasid, by Gundissalinus) as a source on Arabic philosophy – taking “Algazel”, whose critical frame the translators had left out, for a follower of Avicenna. SEP “al-Ghazali” (F. Griffel), section on the Latin reception; al-Ghazali, Maqasid al-falasifa, Latin Summa theoricae philosophiae (12th c.)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अल ग़ज़ाली › 1058–1111
मैमोनिदेस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Aquinas engaged ‘Rabbi Moses’ on the divine names (Summa theologiae I q. 13) and agreed with him that the world’s beginning cannot be demonstrated (I q. 46). Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 13 a. 2, q. 46 aa. 1–2; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed I.51–60, II.13–25; SEP “Maimonides”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मैमोनिदेस › 1138–1204
सभी दिखाएँ (9)कम दिखाएँ
बोएथिउस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Aquinas commented on Boethius’ On the Trinity and De hebdomadibus and adopted his definitions of person and of eternity (Summa theologiae I q. 29, q. 10). Thomas Aquinas, Super Boetium De Trinitate; Expositio libri De hebdomadibus; Summa theologiae I q. 10 a. 1, q. 29 a. 1; SEP “Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
बोएथिउस › लगभग 477–524
इसहाक इज़राइली
जिनसे प्रभावित
Thomas Aquinas quoted Isaac Israeli’s Book of Definitions in Latin translation; the definition of truth as the adequation of thing and intellect that he attributes to it (De veritate q. 1 a. 1) is, however, not found there. SEP “Isaac Israeli”; Altmann and Stern 1958; Thomas Aquinas, De veritate q. 1 a. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इसहाक इज़राइली › लगभग 855–955
अल्बर्ट माग्नुस जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Attested by Thomas’s own hand – a manuscript of Albert’s commentary on Dionysius’ Divine Names in his handwriting survives in Naples – and by biographers who knew him; anecdotes such as the ‘dumb ox’ come from William of Tocco’s later Life. G. Théry, “L’autographe de S. Thomas conservé à la Biblioteca Nazionale de Naples”, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 1 (1931); William of Tocco, Ystoria sancti Thome; J.-P. Torrell, Saint Thomas Aquinas I, ch. 2
अल्बर्ट माग्नुस › लगभग 1200–1280
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 13
मास्टर एकहार्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Trained in the Thomism of the Dominican order, Eckhart departed from Thomas in his Parisian Questions (1302–03) by placing understanding above being in God. Meister Eckhart, Quaestiones Parisienses I (1302–03); SEP “Meister Eckhart”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मास्टर एकहार्ट › लगभग 1260–1328
फ़्रांसिस्को सुआरेज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Suárez lectured on Aquinas’ Summa and wrote within the Thomist tradition, yet departed from it, denying a real distinction between essence and existence (Disputationes metaphysicae XXXI). F. Suárez, Disputationes metaphysicae (1597), disp. XXXI; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांसिस्को सुआरेज़ › 1548–1617
फ़्रांत्स ब्रेंटानो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Brentano introduced intentional inexistence in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874) with reference to the Scholastics, citing Aquinas’s view that the thing thought is intentionally in the thinker. F. Brentano, Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (1874); SEP “Franz Brentano”; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांत्स ब्रेंटानो › 1838–1917
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Anscombe adopted Aquinas’s account of practical knowledge as ‘the cause of what it understands’ (Intention, 1957) and defended his principle of double effect (‘War and Murder’, 1961). G. E. M. Anscombe, Intention (1957); “War and Murder”, in W. Stein (ed.), Nuclear Weapons: A Catholic Response (1961); SEP “Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe”; SEP “Doctrine of Double Effect”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब › 1919–2001
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Foot turned to Aquinas, alongside Aristotle, for an account of the virtues as beneficial dispositions that correct temptations and deficiencies of human nature (‘Virtues and Vices’, 1978). P. Foot, “Virtues and Vices”, in Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (1978); SEP “Philippa Foot”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट › 1920–2010
उम्बर्तो एको
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Eco’s thesis, Il problema estetico in San Tommaso (1956), reconstructed Aquinas’s aesthetics of proportion, integrity and clarity; his medieval studies later informed The Name of the Rose (1980). U. Eco, Il problema estetico in San Tommaso (1956; rev. as Il problema estetico in Tommaso d’Aquino, 1970); Il nome della rosa (1980); SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
उम्बर्तो एको › 1932–2016
सभी दिखाएँ (13)कम दिखाएँ
पावेव वोदकोवित्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Following Aquinas on the dominion of unbelievers (Summa theologiae II-II q. 10 a. 10), Włodkowic argued at Constance (1415) that pagans’ rule and property rest on natural law. Paulus Vladimiri, De potestate papae et imperatoris respectu infidelium (1415); S. F. Belch, Paulus Vladimiri and His Doctrine Concerning International Law and Politics (1965)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पावेव वोदकोवित्स › लगभग 1370–1435
फ़्रांसिस्को दे विटोरिया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
From 1526 Vitoria lectured in Salamanca on Aquinas’ Summa instead of Peter Lombard’s Sentences and developed its natural law into a law of nations. F. de Vitoria, commentaries on the Secunda secundae; Relectio de Indis (1539); SEP “School of Salamanca”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांसिस्को दे विटोरिया › लगभग 1483–1546
बार्तोलोमे दे लास कासास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Las Casas argued with Aquinas’ natural law that unbelievers hold legitimate dominion and may be won to faith only by peaceful persuasion (De unico vocationis modo, c. 1537). B. de las Casas, De unico vocationis modo (c. 1537); Apologia (c. 1552); Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae II–II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बार्तोलोमे दे लास कासास › 1484–1566
सोर ख़ुआना इनेस दे ला क्रूस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sor Juana defended Aquinas, Augustine and Chrysostom against António Vieira’s sermon on the ‘finezas’ of Christ, arguing in scholastic form (Carta atenagórica, 1690). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Carta atenagórica (1690); Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz (1691); O. Paz, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz o las trampas de la fe (1982)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सोर ख़ुआना इनेस दे ला क्रूस › लगभग 1648–1695
एडिथ श्टाइन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Stein compared Husserl with Aquinas (1929), translated De veritate (1931–32) and joined both in Endliches und ewiges Sein (written 1935–37; publ. 1950). E. Stein, “Husserls Phänomenologie und die Philosophie des hl. Thomas v. Aquino” (1929); Des hl. Thomas von Aquino Untersuchungen über die Wahrheit, trans. E. Stein (1931–32); Endliches und ewiges Sein (publ. 1950); SEP “Edith Stein”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडिथ श्टाइन › 1891–1942
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
King took from Aquinas the definition of an unjust law as a human law not rooted in eternal and natural law (Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963). M. L. King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963); Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I–II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
MacIntyre moved from Aristotle to Aquinas, defending Thomism as able to integrate Aristotelian and Augustinian traditions of enquiry (Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, 1988). A. MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988); Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry (1990); SEP “Virtue Ethics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 4
ब्राबांट का सिगर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Siger of Brabant replied to Aquinas’ attack on the single intellect, granting points while still doubting that Aristotle could be read otherwise (De anima intellectiva, c. 1273). Siger of Brabant, De anima intellectiva (c. 1273); SEP “Siger of Brabant”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ब्राबांट का सिगर › लगभग 1240–1284
दुन्स स्कोतुस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Duns Scotus rejected the Thomist view that matter individuates, positing a ‘thisness’ (haecceitas), and held ‘being’ univocal rather than analogical (Ordinatio II d. 3; I d. 3). John Duns Scotus, Ordinatio II d. 3 p. 1; I d. 3 p. 1 qq. 1–3; SEP “John Duns Scotus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दुन्स स्कोतुस › लगभग 1266–1308
विलियम ऑफ़ ओक्कम
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Ockham rejected Aquinas’ real distinction between essence and existence and the intelligible species in cognition as entities without need (Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II). William of Ockham, Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II qq. 12–13; SEP “William of Ockham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलियम ऑफ़ ओक्कम › लगभग 1287–1347
पिएत्रो पोम्पोनात्सी
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Pomponazzi argued that Aquinas’ proof of the soul’s immortality from Aristotle fails, since on Aristotelian principles the human intellect always needs the body (De immortalitate animae, 1516). P. Pomponazzi, Tractatus de immortalitate animae (1516); SEP “Pietro Pomponazzi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पिएत्रो पोम्पोनात्सी › 1462–1525
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
सोलोमन इब्न गबिरोल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Aquinas rejected Avicebron’s (Ibn Gabirol’s) universal hylomorphism: angels and souls have no matter, being composed only of potency and act (Summa theologiae I q. 50 a. 2). Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 50 a. 2; De spiritualibus creaturis a. 1; SEP “Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Avicebron]”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सोलोमन इब्न गबिरोल › लगभग 1021–1058
कैंटरबरी के एन्सेल्म जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Aquinas took over Anselm’s account of Christ’s death as satisfaction in modified form (Summa theologiae III q. 48), while rejecting his proof from the concept of God. Anselm, Cur Deus homo (1098); Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae III q. 48 a. 2; I q. 2 a. 1; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जिनकी आलोचना की
Aquinas denied that God’s existence is self-evident to us: from the meaning of ‘God’ it follows only that God exists in the mind, not in reality. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 2 a. 1 ad 2; Summa contra gentiles I.10–11
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैंटरबरी के एन्सेल्म › 1033–1109
इब्न रश्द जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Aquinas used Averroes as ‘the Commentator’ throughout his Aristotle commentaries, even while writing against his single intellect for all humans. Thomas Aquinas, Sentencia libri De anima; In Metaphysicam; C. Burnett, ‘Arabic into Latin’, in P. Adamson / R. C. Taylor (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy (2005); SEP “Ibn Rushd [Averroes]”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जिनकी आलोचना की
Aquinas argued that Averroes’ single intellect for all humans contradicts both Aristotle and the experience that it is the individual human being who thinks (De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas, 1270). Thomas Aquinas, De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas (1270); Summa theologiae I q. 76 a. 2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इब्न रश्द › 1126–1198
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 1265सुम्मा कोन्ट्रा जेंटाइल्स
आस्था के सत्य का तर्कसंगत प्रमाणों से बचाव, उन लोगों को भी संबोधित जो धर्मग्रंथ नहीं मानते – थामस मुसलमानों और मूर्तिपूजकों का नाम लेते हैं।
हर व्यक्ति मनुष्य स्वयं सोचता है: एक ही बुद्धि के सिद्धांत के विरुद्ध।
- 1273सुम्मा थियोलॉजिए
महान समन्वय: ईश्वर, मानवता, सद्गुण, विधि – “पाँच मार्गों” सहित।
मत
Thomas sought to show that reason and faith cannot truly conflict, since both come from the same God. He adopted Aristotle’s philosophy as the best account of nature and the soul, and built on it a theology that reason can partly reach: the existence of God can be shown in “five ways”, from motion, causation, contingency, degrees of perfection and order. Central to his metaphysics is the distinction between what a thing is (essence) and the fact that it is (existence); only in God do they coincide. His ethics rests on natural law, the order of practical reason that every human can know. Declared the Church’s leading theologian, he remains the reference point of Catholic philosophy.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in 1225 at Roccasecca, between Rome and Naples, into a noble family, Thomas joined the Dominicans against his family’s resistance. He studied with Albert the Great in Paris and Cologne, taught as a master at the University of Paris and in several Italian cities, and wrote an enormous body of work in barely twenty years. He died in 1274 on his way to the Council of Lyon.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On Being and Essence (c. 1255)
- Summa contra Gentiles (c. 1259–1265)
- On the Unity of the Intellect against the Averroists (1270)
- Summa theologiae (1265–1274)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘अरस्तू की यात्रा’ · 9 में से पड़ाव 9
- बहस ‘युद्ध और शांति: सशस्त्र बल कब उचित है?’
- बहस ‘मरने का अधिकार? मृत्यु में सहायता’
- बहस ‘थामस एक्विनास और ब्राबांट के सिगर: सबके लिए एक बुद्धि?’
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है