विलियम ऑफ़ ओक्कम
“मानवता” जैसे सामान्य पद हमारे मन में केवल चिह्न हैं, वास्तविक वस्तुएँ नहीं – और बिना कारण के कुछ नहीं मानना चाहिए, जब तक वह स्वतःसिद्ध न हो, अनुभव से ज्ञात न हो या धर्मग्रंथ से प्रमाणित न हो।
पृष्ठभूमि
नामवादी: सामान्य अवधारणाएँ मात्र संकेत हैं। बिना कारण के कुछ भी न मानने का उनका नियम – जब तक वह स्वतः स्पष्ट न हो, अनुभव से ज्ञात न हो या धर्मग्रंथ से प्रमाणित न हो – बाद में “ओक्कम का उस्तरा” कहलाया; “सत्ताओं को अनावश्यक रूप से न बढ़ाया जाए” वाला सूत्र उनका नहीं है।
मुख्य विचार
- ओक्कम का उस्तरा
- नामवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Ockham commented on Aristotle’s logic and Physics and read the categories as classes of terms, admitting only substances and qualities as distinct things (Summa logicae, c. 1323). William of Ockham, Expositio in libros Physicorum; Summa logicae I (c. 1323); SEP “William of Ockham”
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
जॉन ब्यूरिदन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Buridan shared Ockham’s nominalism but rejected his reduction of quantity to substance and quality, holding quantity to be a really distinct accident. John Buridan, Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum I; J. Zupko, John Buridan: Portrait of a Fourteenth-Century Arts Master, 2003
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन ब्यूरिदन › लगभग 1300–1360
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
थामस एक्विनास
जिनकी आलोचना की
Ockham rejected Aquinas’ real distinction between essence and existence and the intelligible species in cognition as entities without need (Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II). William of Ockham, Summa logicae III-2 c. 27; Reportatio II qq. 12–13; SEP “William of Ockham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थामस एक्विनास › लगभग 1225–1274
दुन्स स्कोतुस जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Ockham took over Scotus’ distinction between intuitive and abstractive cognition and his univocal concept of being, while rejecting common natures and the formal distinction. William of Ockham, Ordinatio, prologue q. 1; I d. 2; SEP “William of Ockham”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Ockham rejected Scotus’ common natures and his formal distinction outside God: only individuals exist, and universals are concepts (Ordinatio I d. 2 q. 6). William of Ockham, Ordinatio I d. 2 qq. 1, 6; SEP “William of Ockham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दुन्स स्कोतुस › लगभग 1266–1308
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 1323सुम्मा लोगिकाए
पदवादी तर्कशास्त्र: सामान्य चिह्न हैं, वस्तुएँ नहीं।
मत
Ockham is the leading figure of nominalism: only individual things exist. Universals are not entities in or behind things but signs in the mind and in language that stand for many individuals. Much of his work applies a principle of economy – do not assume more entities than necessary – later called “Ockham’s razor”. Since God is absolutely free and could have made the world otherwise, the order of nature is contingent and must be learned from experience. In politics he argued against papal absolutism and for limits on spiritual power. His logic and empiricism opened the “modern way” in late medieval thought.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born around 1287 in Ockham, Surrey, William became a Franciscan and studied in Oxford. Summoned to Avignon in 1324 to answer for his teaching, he sided with his order’s general in the dispute over apostolic poverty against Pope John XXII and fled in 1328 to Emperor Louis of Bavaria. He spent his remaining years in Munich writing political polemics and died there around 1347.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Commentary on the Sentences (c. 1318)
- Summa logicae (c. 1323)
- Quodlibeta septem (c. 1324)
- Dialogus (c. 1334–1346)
- Breviloquium (c. 1340)
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