मार्गरेट कैवेंडिश
समस्त प्रकृति पदार्थ है जो स्वयं संवेदन करता, गति करता और सोचता है – कोई अभौतिक मन नहीं और कोई निर्जीव यांत्रिकता नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
न्यूकैसल की डचेस और विपुल लेखिका: सारी प्रकृति ऐसा पदार्थ है जो अनुभव और विचार करता है – देकार्त के अभौतिक मन, हॉब्ज़ के यांत्रिकवाद और रॉयल सोसाइटी के प्रयोगवादियों के विरुद्ध।
मुख्य विचार
- जीवनी-शक्तिवादी भौतिकवाद
- स्वयं गतिशील, संवेदनशील पदार्थ
- प्रायोगिक दर्शन की आलोचना
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
थॉमस हॉब्स जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Through her husband’s circle, which included Hobbes, Cavendish shared his view that nature is wholly material, but made matter self-moving and perceptive (Philosophical and Physical Opinions, 1655). M. Cavendish, Philosophical and Physical Opinions (1655); Philosophical Letters (1664); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Cavendish rejected Hobbes’s account of perception as pressure transmitted from objects to the organs, holding that perceiving matter patterns the object by its own motions (Philosophical Letters, 1664). M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I (letters on Hobbes); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
In Philosophical Letters (1664) Cavendish rejected Descartes’ separation of an immaterial mind from inert matter, holding that all matter is self-moving, perceptive and rational. M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I; SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
अवलोकनों के साथ जुड़ी एक यूटोपियाई रोमांस-कथा: एक सम्राज्ञी पशु-मानवों के संसार पर शासन करती है और उसके वैज्ञानिकों से बहस करती है – विज्ञान-कथा की एक आरंभिक कृति।
रॉयल सोसाइटी के सूक्ष्मदर्शीवादियों के विरुद्ध: प्रकृति स्वयं-ज्ञाता, स्वयं-गतिशील पदार्थ है, मशीन नहीं।
मत
Cavendish developed a materialism different from Hobbes’: nature is one infinite, self-moving body, and every part of it has sense and reason, so that matter perceives and knows. Against Descartes she denied an immaterial soul; against mechanism she denied that motion is transferred by impact, arguing that each body moves itself in response to others. Against the experimentalists she argued that microscopes distort rather than reveal. She also wrote on women’s exclusion from learning and public life, sometimes defending it, more often protesting it, and in “The Blazing World” a woman becomes empress of another world. Mocked in her lifetime as “Mad Madge”, she has been rediscovered as an original metaphysician.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), born Margaret Lucas in Essex, went into exile in Paris as maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria and there married William Cavendish, later Duke of Newcastle, whose circle included Hobbes, Gassendi and Descartes. Back in England after 1660, she published a dozen books under her own name, and in 1667 became the first woman to attend a meeting of the Royal Society.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Philosophical Letters (1664)
- Observations upon Experimental Philosophy (1666)
- The Blazing World (1666)
- Grounds of Natural Philosophy (1668)
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