टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स
समाज इसलिए जुड़ा रहता है कि लोग मूल्य साझा करते हैं, और हर सामाजिक प्रणाली को बचे रहने के लिए वही मूल कार्य हल करने होते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
हार्वर्ड के समाजशास्त्री जिनके सिद्धांत ने 1950 के दशक में अमेरिकी समाजशास्त्र पर प्रभुत्व रखा: उन्होंने वेबर, दुरकेम और फ़्रॉइड को कर्म और सामाजिक प्रणालियों के एक सामान्य सिद्धांत में मिलाया – और अगली पीढ़ी का मुख्य निशाना बने।
मुख्य विचार
- स्वैच्छिकतावादी कर्म-सिद्धांत
- संरचनात्मक प्रकार्यवाद
- AGIL योजना
- सामाजिक व्यवस्था की समस्या
शिष्य: रॉबर्ट के. मर्टन, हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल, निकलास लूमन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Parsons made the ‘Hobbesian problem of order’, why society does not dissolve into a war of all against all, the starting point of his action theory (1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651); SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
विलफ्रेडो परेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Parsons devoted part of The Structure of Social Action (1937) to Pareto, reading his theory of non-logical action and residues as converging on a voluntaristic theory of action. T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), part II; V. Pareto, Trattato di sociologia generale (1916)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलफ्रेडो परेटो › 1848–1923
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड
जिनसे प्रभावित
Parsons used Freud’s superego to explain how cultural values are internalised in socialisation, linking personality to the social system (‘The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1952). T. Parsons, “The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems”, Psychiatry 15 (1952), in Social Structure and Personality (1964)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड › 1856–1939
एमिल दुरकेम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Parsons read Durkheim as moving from positivism to a voluntaristic theory of action in which internalised shared norms constitute social order (The Structure of Social Action, 1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), part II; H. Joas and W. Knöbl, Sozialtheorie (2004)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Parsons translated The Protestant Ethic (1930) and made Weber, with Durkheim, Pareto and Marshall, a source of his voluntaristic theory of action (The Structure of Social Action, 1937). M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. T. Parsons (1930); T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); SEP “Max Weber”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Parsons heard Malinowski at the LSE (1924–25) and later read his functionalism as a step towards social systems theory (‘Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1957). T. Parsons, “Malinowski and the Theory of Social Systems”, in R. Firth (ed.), Man and Culture (1957)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की › 1884–1942
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
रॉबर्ट के. मर्टन जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Merton took Parsons’s first courses in sociological theory as a graduate student at Harvard in the early 1930s; his dissertation on science in seventeenth-century England (1938) was supervised by Pitirim Sorokin and guided by the historian of science George Sarton. R. K. Merton, “Remembering the Young Talcott Parsons”, The American Sociologist 15 (1980)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रॉबर्ट के. मर्टन › 1910–2003
हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Garfinkel took his PhD at Harvard in 1952 under Parsons with The Perception of the Other: A Study in Social Order; ethnomethodology grew out of his questions to Parsons’s theory of action. H. Garfinkel, The Perception of the Other (diss. Harvard 1952); J. Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (1984)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल › 1917–2011
क्लिफ़ोर्ड गीर्ट्ज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Trained in Harvard’s Department of Social Relations, Geertz used Parsons’s distinction between cultural and social system to explain a failed Javanese funeral (‘Ritual and Social Change’, 1957). C. Geertz, “Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example”, American Anthropologist 59 (1957), in The Interpretation of Cultures (1973); “Passage and Accident” (2000)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
क्लिफ़ोर्ड गीर्ट्ज़ › 1926–2006
निकलास लूमन जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Luhmann, then an administrative official, spent 1960–61 at Harvard on a scholarship and attended Parsons’s seminars; a one-year stay. He took his doctorate and Habilitation later, both in Münster in 1966. N. Luhmann, Archimedes und wir. Interviews (1987)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निकलास लूमन › 1927–1998
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Habermas took over Parsons’s account of money and power as steering media to conceive economy and state as systems, distinct from the lifeworld (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II, “Talcott Parsons: Konstruktionsprobleme der Gesellschaftstheorie”; T. Parsons, “On the Concept of Political Power” (1963)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 4
हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Blumer objected that Parsons and the functionalists treat actors as passive media of social forces, neglecting how people interpret their situations (Symbolic Interactionism, 1969). H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method (1969), ch. 1; N. J. Smelser, “Remembering Herbert Blumer”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर › 1900–1987
सी. राइट मिल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Sociological Imagination (1959) Mills attacked Parsons’s ‘grand theory’, translating passages of The Social System into a few plain sentences and faulting its neglect of power. C. W. Mills, The Sociological Imagination (1959), ch. 2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सी. राइट मिल्स › 1916–1962
एंथनी गिडेंस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Giddens objected that Parsons’s normative functionalism turns actors into ‘cultural dopes’ and attributes needs to social systems, countering with structuration theory (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); Central Problems in Social Theory (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एंथनी गिडेंस › जन्म 1938
रेविन कॉनेल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Connell rejected the sex-role theory Parsons built on instrumental and expressive family roles, arguing that it naturalises gender and leaves power and change unexplained (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987), ch. 3; T. Parsons & R. F. Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process (1955)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेविन कॉनेल › जन्म 1944
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
हरबर्ट स्पेंसर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Parsons opened The Structure of Social Action (1937) with Brinton’s question ‘Who now reads Spencer?’, declaring Spencer’s positivist, utilitarian evolutionism dead. T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), ch. 1; C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1933)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हरबर्ट स्पेंसर › 1820–1903
कृतियाँ
मार्शल, परेटो, दुरकेम और वेबर को एक ही “स्वैच्छिकतावादी” कर्म-सिद्धांत की ओर अभिसरित होते हुए पढ़ती है: कर्ता अपने लक्ष्य चुनते हैं, पर उन मानदंडों के भीतर जो वे साझा करते हैं।
- 1951सामाजिक प्रणाली
संरचनात्मक प्रकार्यवाद पूर्ण रूप में: एक सामाजिक प्रणाली साझा मूल्यों, भूमिकाओं और समाजीकरण से व्यवस्था कैसे बनाए रखती है – “महा-सिद्धांत” के आलोचकों का मुख्य निशाना।
मत
The Structure of Social Action (1937) read Alfred Marshall, Vilfredo Pareto, Durkheim and Weber as converging on a single “voluntaristic” theory of action: people pursue ends, but choose their goals and means within norms and values they share. This, Parsons argued, answers the “Hobbesian problem of order” – why society does not collapse into a war of all against all. From The Social System (1951) on he built a vast conceptual architecture. Every action system must fulfil four functions – adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latent pattern maintenance (the AGIL scheme) – which in society are served by the economy, the polity, the “societal community” of law and norms, and the institutions of family, education and culture. “Pattern variables” describe the choices between traditional and modern orientations. With Freud he explained how values are internalised in socialisation, and his concept of the “sick role” helped found medical sociology. From the late 1950s critics such as C. Wright Mills, Ralf Dahrendorf and Alvin Gouldner charged that his structural functionalism was abstract, conservative and blind to conflict and power. Yet his systems thinking lived on, transformed, in Niklas Luhmann and Jürgen Habermas.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Talcott Parsons was born in 1902 in Colorado Springs, the son of a Congregationalist minister who later became a college president. He studied biology and then economics at Amherst College, spent 1924–25 at the London School of Economics, where he heard the anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, and then went to Heidelberg, where he took his doctorate with a thesis on the concept of capitalism in Werner Sombart and Max Weber. In 1930 he published the first English translation of Weber’s Protestant Ethic. He taught at Harvard from 1927 until 1973 and in 1946 founded its interdisciplinary Department of Social Relations. For two decades he was the leading figure of American sociology. He died in Munich in 1979, during a visit to Germany that had taken him back to Heidelberg.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Structure of Social Action (1937)
- The Social System (1951)
- Toward a General Theory of Action (with Edward Shils and others, 1951)
- Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives (1966)
- The System of Modern Societies (1971)
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