阿马蒂亚·森

Agora

阿马蒂亚·森

1933年生

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

发展意味着扩展人们真正自由去做和去成为的事情——而正义的改进是通过比较现实的替代方案，而不是设想一个理想。

定位

政治哲学与伦理学（20—21世纪） · 南亚 · 政治与法, 伦理学, 社会与历史

经济学家兼哲学家：发展即自由；比较地而不是理想地思考正义。

核心思想

可行能力方法
以自由看待发展

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影响

受影响于 3

亚里士多德

受其影响
Sen cited Aristotle’s remark that wealth is merely useful for the sake of something else and linked capabilities to Aristotelian functioning (Development as Freedom, 1999). A. Sen, Development as Freedom (1999); “Capability and Well-Being”, in M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I.5
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
亚当·斯密

受其影响
Sen took up Smith’s impartial spectator for an ‘open impartiality’ that hears voices from afar, against Rawls’s closed contract (The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); introduction to A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (2009)
依据: AI 草稿
亚当·斯密 › 1723–1790
罗宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔

受其影响
Sen, who grew up at Tagore’s school in Santiniketan, defended Tagore’s cosmopolitan reason and his critique of nationalism in “Tagore and His India” (1997). A. Sen, “Tagore and His India”, New York Review of Books, 26 June 1997; The Argumentative Indian (2005), ch. 5
依据: AI 草稿
罗宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔 › 1861–1941

影响了 2

玛莎·努斯鲍姆

影响了 ✓
Nussbaum took up Sen’s capability approach, which they developed together at WIDER in Helsinki (The Quality of Life, 1993), and gave it a list of central capabilities. M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development (2000)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
玛莎·努斯鲍姆 › 1947年生
伊丽莎白·安德森

影响了
Anderson used Sen’s capability approach to define democratic equality as access to the capabilities needed to function as an equal citizen (‘What Is the Point of Equality?’, 1999). E. Anderson, “What Is the Point of Equality?”, Ethics 109 (1999); A. Sen, Inequality Reexamined (1992)
依据: AI 草稿
伊丽莎白·安德森 › 1959年生

批评

批评了 1

约翰·罗尔斯受其影响

受其影响
Sen dedicated The Idea of Justice (2009) to Rawls’s memory and kept his demand for impartial public reasoning, while shifting from ideal institutions to comparisons of real lives. A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
批评了
Sen objected that Rawls’s primary goods ignore how people differ in converting resources into capabilities (‘Equality of What?’, 1979; The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, “Equality of What?”, Tanner Lecture (1979); The Idea of Justice (2009)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·罗尔斯 › 1921–2002

作品

1999以自由看待发展
发展是实质自由的扩展。
2009正义的理念
比较的而非先验的正义——并涉及斯密的公正旁观者。

立场

Sen connects economics with moral philosophy. His studies of famines argued that they arise less from a lack of food than from a collapse of people’s entitlements to it – and that no major famine has occurred in a functioning democracy with a free press. Against measuring welfare only in income or utility, he developed the capability approach: what matters is what people are actually able to do and to be – to be healthy, educated, to take part in public life. Development, he argued, is the expansion of such real freedoms. In The Idea of Justice he criticised Rawls’ search for a perfectly just society and proposed comparing real alternatives to reduce manifest injustice. His work shaped the UN’s Human Development Index.

生平与背景

Sen was born in 1933 in Santiniketan, Bengal; as a child he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943. He studied in Calcutta and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and taught in Delhi, at the London School of Economics, Oxford and Harvard; from 1998 to 2004 he was Master of Trinity College. In 1998 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.