马丁·路德·金

作品

• 1958迈向自由：蒙哥马利的故事

  对1955—1956年蒙哥马利公交车抵制运动的记述；《走向非暴力的历程》一章追溯了他经由梭罗、饶申布什、马克思和尼采走向甘地、随后面对尼布尔的异议和波士顿老师们的思想，并提出非暴力抵抗的六条原则。

• 1963伯明翰狱中书简

  1963年4月在狱中写成，答复八位称抗议“不明智、不合时宜”的白人神职人员：为非暴力直接行动以及正义与不正义法律的区分辩护，并责备宁要秩序不要正义的“白人温和派”。

• 1967我们由此往何处去：混乱还是共同体？

  他最后一部完整的长篇著作，写于围绕“黑人权力”的争论之中：拒绝分离主义和暴力，包括法农所主张的暴力，并呼吁保障收入、经济正义以及跨越种族界限的穷人联盟。

立场

King is on the map as a leading theorist and practitioner of nonviolent resistance after Gandhi. In “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence” he traced his path: Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience, the social gospel of Walter Rauschenbusch, a reading of Marx whose materialism he rejected and Nietzsche’s attack on Christian love, until Gandhi, whose ideas he took up after a lecture by Mordecai Johnson in 1950, showed him how love could become a social force; Reinhold Niebuhr’s realism about collective sin then became an objection he had to answer, and in Boston he studied Hegel’s dialectic and the personalism of his teachers. The “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963) draws on Socrates, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Martin Buber: a just law squares with the moral law, segregation degrades persons into things, and whoever breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly and willing to accept the penalty, in order to rouse the conscience of the community – thereby showing the highest respect for law. King distinguished such action both from passivity and from violence; in “Where Do We Go from Here” (1967) he discussed Fanon’s “The Wretched of the Earth” and rejected its defence of violence. In his last years he described racism, poverty and militarism as connected evils and called for a guaranteed income; in February 1968, at the centenary of W. E. B. Du Bois’s birth, he honoured Du Bois in a speech at Carnegie Hall. Rawls’s theory of civil disobedience in “A Theory of Justice” (1971) is commonly read with the letter as its model case, and Rawls later held that King’s religiously grounded appeals accorded with public reason (“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”, 1997); Martha Nussbaum reads “I Have a Dream” as turning anger away from retribution towards a shared future (“Anger and Forgiveness”, 2016).

生平与背景

Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 January 1929 in Atlanta, the son and grandson of Baptist ministers. He studied sociology at Morehouse College (BA 1948), theology at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania (1951) and systematic theology at Boston University, where he took his doctorate in 1955 with a dissertation comparing the conceptions of God of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman. In 1954 he became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, and in 1955–56 led the bus boycott that followed the arrest of Rosa Parks. In 1957 he co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which he led until his death. The campaign in Birmingham in 1963, during which he wrote his letter from jail, the March on Washington with the speech “I Have a Dream” (28 August 1963) and the marches from Selma (1965) contributed to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. From 1967 he publicly opposed the Vietnam War and prepared a Poor People’s Campaign. On 4 April 1968 he was shot in Memphis, where he had come to support striking sanitation workers.

其他主要作品

• Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (1958)
• Strength to Love (sermons, 1963)
• Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963; in Why We Can’t Wait, 1964)
• I Have a Dream (speech, 1963)
• Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967)
• The Trumpet of Conscience (1968)

出现在

• 争论 ‘战争与和平：武力何时正当？’