玛丽·米奇利

Agora

玛丽·米奇利

1919–2018

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

人是有自己本性的动物，而哲学必须抵制诸如自私的基因或心灵即机器这类简单化的神话。

定位

分析哲学 · 北欧 · 伦理学, 科学, 心灵与意识

与安斯康姆、富特和默多克同时代的牛津学人：人是有本性的动物，哲学必须抵制还原论的神话——“自私的基因”、社会原子论、心灵的机器模型。

核心思想

人性即动物性
对还原论的批判
哲学即管道工作

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影响

受影响于 3

亚里士多德

受其影响
Midgley defended, with Aristotle, a specific human nature whose characteristic needs and capacities set the conditions of a good human life (Beast and Man, 1978). M. Midgley, Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (1978)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
查尔斯·达尔文

受其影响
Midgley used Darwin and ethology to place human nature among the animals (Beast and Man, 1978) and criticised making evolution a secular creed (Evolution as a Religion, 1985). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); Evolution as a Religion (1985)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882
艾丽丝·默多克

受其影响
Midgley, Murdoch’s fellow student at Oxford, followed her critique of Sartre’s solitary choosing will and wrote on her moral philosophy (‘Sorting out the Zeitgeist’, 1998). M. Midgley, “Sorting out the Zeitgeist: The Moral Philosophy of Iris Murdoch” (1998); C. Mac Cumhaill and R. Wiseman, Metaphysical Animals (2022); SEP “Iris Murdoch”
依据: AI 草稿
艾丽丝·默多克 › 1919–1999

批评

批评了 1

托马斯·霍布斯

批评了
Midgley used ethology against Hobbes’s picture of humans as natural egoists: sociability and care are as much part of evolved human nature as competition (Beast and Man, 1978). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene (2010)
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679

作品

1978野兽与人
人类和动物一样拥有本性；告诉我们我们是什么样的存在的，是动物行为学，而不是霍布斯或存在主义。
1984邪恶（Wickedness）
恶不是一种积极的力量，而是一种失败——注意力、想象力和勇气的失败——它填补了本应由善占据的空缺。

立场

Midgley’s central claim is that human beings are animals and must be understood as such – not reduced to genes or machines, but seen as creatures with an evolved nature of needs, feelings and capacities, out of which morality grows. “Beast and Man” uses ethology to argue against the picture of humans as either blank slates or egoists in the manner of Hobbes; against existentialism it insists we do not choose our nature. She attacked “reductive” pictures that take one science for the whole truth: the selfish gene, social atomism, the mind as computer. Philosophy, she said, is like plumbing – unnoticed until it goes wrong, when the hidden conceptual pipes must be exposed and repaired.

生平与背景

Mary Midgley (1919–2018), born Mary Scrutton, studied at Oxford during the war alongside Anscombe, Foot and Murdoch, later recalling that the absence of men made it possible for women to be heard. She taught at Newcastle University from 1962 to 1980 and published her first book at fifty-nine. Prolific into her nineties, she wrote for a general public and engaged in public controversy with Richard Dawkins.