Agora思想的公共广场

斐迪南·滕尼斯

1855–1936

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

现代生活用一个由契约、市场和精于算计的个人构成的社会，取代了由情感和习俗维系的紧密共同体。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 西欧 · 社会与历史, 政治与法

德国社会学会（1909年）的共同创立者，多年担任会长：他对共同体（Gemeinschaft）与社会（Gesellschaft）的区分，成为这门学科最基本的概念对之一。

核心思想

  • 共同体与社会（Gemeinschaft 与 Gesellschaft）
  • 本质意志与选择意志
  • 对公共舆论的批判

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影响

受影响于 2

  • 托马斯·霍布斯

    受其影响

    Tönnies edited Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth (1889), wrote a Hobbes monograph (1896) and modelled his Gesellschaft, an association of calculating individuals, partly on Hobbes. F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Hobbes Leben und Lehre (1896); T. Hobbes, The Elements of Law and Behemoth, ed. F. Tönnies (1889)

    依据: AI 草稿

    托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679

  • 卡尔·马克思

    受其影响

    Tönnies drew his type of Gesellschaft partly from Marx’s Capital, as a society of exchange and commodity production, and later wrote Marx: Leben und Lehre (1921). F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Marx. Leben und Lehre (1921)

    依据: AI 草稿

    卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883

影响了 2

  • 马克斯·韦伯

    影响了

    Weber’s concepts of communal and associative relationships (Vergemeinschaftung, Vergesellschaftung) explicitly refer to Tönnies’s ‘fundamental work’ Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (Economy and Society, 1921–22). M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1921–22), “Soziologische Grundbegriffe”; F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887)

    依据: AI 草稿

    马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920

  • 费孝通

    影响了

    Fei distinguished a rural society of custom and familiarity from a society of law, explicitly in Tönnies’s terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Xiangtu Zhongguo, 1947–48). Fei Xiaotong, Xiangtu Zhongguo (1947–48), “Xiangtu bense”; Liu Shiding, Beijing daxue xuebao (2007)

    依据: AI 草稿

    费孝通 › 1910–2005

批评

受批评于 1

  • 埃米尔·涂尔干

    受其批评

    Reviewing Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1889), Durkheim objected that modern society is no less natural and organic than community, not a mere mechanical aggregate held together by the state. É. Durkheim, review of F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Revue philosophique 27 (1889)

    依据: AI 草稿

    埃米尔·涂尔干 › 1858–1917

批评了 1

  • 弗里德里希·尼采

    批评了

    Tönnies, an early admirer, attacked the late Nietzsche’s master morality and the fashionable cult around it (Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik, 1897). F. Tönnies, Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik (1897)

    依据: AI 草稿

    弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900

作品

立场

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) contrasts two basic forms of social life. Community grows out of “essential will” (Wesenwille): the bonds of kinship, neighbourhood and friendship, in which people belong together before they choose to, as in the family, the village and the old town. Society arises from “arbitrary” or rational will (Kürwille): individuals who remain separate join only to pursue their own ends through exchange, contract and calculation, as in the market, the big city and the modern state. Tönnies drew the second type from Hobbes and from Marx’s analysis of capitalism, and saw modern European history as a movement from community to society. He meant both as “normal concepts” – idealised types, not descriptions of real groups – and he hoped for new forms of community in cooperatives and the labour movement rather than a return to the past. His terms passed into everyday German; the word Gemeinschaft was later taken up by nationalist and Nazi rhetoric, which he opposed. He also pioneered empirical social research and studied public opinion as a force in modern society.

生平与背景

Ferdinand Tönnies was born in 1855 into a prosperous farming family at Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt peninsula in Schleswig. He studied philology, philosophy and history at several universities, took his doctorate in Tübingen in 1877 and qualified as a lecturer at Kiel in 1881. There he remained an unsalaried Privatdozent until 1908, partly because the Prussian authorities distrusted his sympathy for the labour movement; he became a full professor only in 1913, retired in 1916 and taught sociology again from 1921. A leading scholar of Hobbes, he co-founded the German Sociological Association in 1909 and was its president until 1933. In 1930 he joined the Social Democrats in protest against the rise of National Socialism. The Nazis dismissed him in 1933, and he died in straitened circumstances in Kiel in 1936.

其他主要作品

  • Community and Society (1887)
  • Hobbes. Leben und Lehre (1896)
  • Der Nietzsche-Kultus (1897)
  • Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung (1922)
  • Einführung in die Soziologie (1931)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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