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沙夫茨伯里

1671–1713

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

人有一种天然的道德感，对善的反应就像眼睛对美的反应一样——德性与美是近亲。

定位

经验主义、启蒙运动与自由主义 · 北欧 · 伦理学, 美学, 宗教

沙夫茨伯里第三代伯爵，洛克的学生：人有天然的“道德感”和对和谐的感受——美德与美相近。

核心思想

  • 道德感
  • 善与美的亲缘
  • 嘲弄作为真理的检验

老师: 约翰·洛克

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影响

受影响于 3

  • 柏拉图

    受其影响

    Shaftesbury’s The Moralists (1709), a philosophical rhapsody in dialogue form, renewed Plato’s identification of beauty and goodness and the ascent from beautiful forms to their source. Shaftesbury, The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody (1709), in Characteristicks (1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”

    依据: AI 草稿

    柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年

  • 爱比克泰德

    受其影响

    In his private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), Shaftesbury trained himself by the Stoic exercises Epictetus describes, citing him constantly. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”

    依据: AI 草稿

    爱比克泰德 › 约50–135年

  • 马可·奥勒留

    受其影响

    Shaftesbury’s private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), are, like Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations, reminders of principles and exhortations to live by them, full of quotations from Marcus. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”

    依据: AI 草稿

    马可·奥勒留 › 121–180

影响了 2

  • 弗朗西斯·哈奇森

    影响了

    The title page of Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) states that in it ‘the principles of the late Earl of Shaftesbury are explain’d and defended’ against Mandeville. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    弗朗西斯·哈奇森 › 1694–1746

  • 德尼·狄德罗

    影响了

    Diderot’s first philosophical publication was a free translation of Shaftesbury’s Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit, with his own notes (Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, 1745). D. Diderot, Principes de la philosophie morale, ou Essai de M. S*** sur le mérite et la vertu (1745); SEP “Denis Diderot”

    依据: AI 草稿

    德尼·狄德罗 › 1713–1784

批评

批评了 2

  • 托马斯·霍布斯

    批评了

    Shaftesbury rejected Hobbes’s picture of humans as solely self-interested, holding that natural affection for others and for the common good belongs to human nature (Sensus Communis, 1709). Shaftesbury, Sensus Communis (1709), II.1, III.1; An Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (1699/1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”

    依据: AI 草稿

    托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679

  • 约翰·洛克 师从

    师从 ✓

    The first Earl of Shaftesbury put Locke, his physician and adviser, in charge of the education of his grandson, the later third Earl; the two remained friends until Locke’s death, although the pupil came to reject much of Locke’s philosophy. SEP “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]”

    依据: AI 草稿

    批评了

    Shaftesbury wrote that Locke struck ‘the home blow’ by denying innate moral ideas and making virtue depend on fashion and custom (letter to Michael Ainsworth, 1709). Shaftesbury to M. Ainsworth, 3 June 1709, in Several Letters Written by a Noble Lord to a Young Man at the University (1716); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704

作品

立场

Shaftesbury broke both with Hobbes’s picture of humans as selfish and with his teacher Locke’s view that morality rests on command and reward. Humans, he argued, have natural social affections and an inner “moral sense” that approves of a balanced, benevolent character, much as the eye delights in proportion: the good and the beautiful are akin. Virtue lies in the harmony of the affections and does not depend on fear of punishment. Against fanaticism he recommended good humor and ridicule as tests of truth. His essays, collected in the Characteristicks, influenced Hutcheson and Hume and were eagerly read in Germany by Lessing, Herder and Schiller.

生平与背景

Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, was born in London in 1671, the grandson of the Whig statesman whose physician and adviser John Locke oversaw his education. After a tour of the Continent he sat in the House of Commons and later in the House of Lords. Weakened by asthma, he moved to Naples for its climate in 1711 and died there in 1713.

其他主要作品

  • An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, or Merit (1699)
  • A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm (1708)
  • Sensus Communis (1709)
  • The Moralists (1709)
  • Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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