伽利略·伽利莱
自然遵循数学规律，而我们通过测量和实验来发现这些规律，而不是通过相信古代的权威。
定位
自然之书是用数学的语言写成的（《试金者》，1623年）：凭借望远镜观测和对运动的实验，他帮助奠定了数学—实验物理学。
核心思想
- 自然的数学化
- 实验
影响
受影响于 4
柏拉图
受其影响
Galileo’s Dialogo (1632) alludes to Plato’s doctrine of recollection; Koyré read his mathematical physics as Platonism, a thesis many historians qualify (‘Galileo and Plato’, 1943). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); A. Koyré, “Galileo and Plato”, Journal of the History of Ideas 4 (1943); SEP “Galileo Galilei”
依据: AI 草稿
柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年
约翰·菲洛波诺斯
受其影响
In his early De motu (c. 1590) Galileo cited Philoponus, whose objections to Aristotle’s dynamics of motion in a medium and in the void he partly shared. Galileo, De motu antiquiora (c. 1590); SEP “Philoponus”; R. Sorabji (ed.), Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science (1987)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·菲洛波诺斯 › 约490–570年
约翰·布里丹
受其影响 存在争议
Galileo’s early De motu (c. 1590) used an impressed force close to Buridan’s impetus; whether Paris impetus theory led to his mechanics, as Duhem claimed, is disputed. Galileo, De motu antiquiora (c. 1590); P. Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, vol. III (1913); SEP “John Buridan”; SEP “Galileo Galilei”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·布里丹 › 约1300–1360年
尼古拉·哥白尼
受其影响
Galileo defended Copernicus’ heliocentric system with telescopic evidence (Sidereus nuncius, 1610) and in the Dialogo (1632), which led to his condemnation in 1633. Galileo, Sidereus nuncius (1610); Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); SEP “Galileo Galilei”; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
依据: AI 草稿
尼古拉·哥白尼 › 1473–1543
影响了 4
托马索·康帕内拉
影响了
In his Apologia pro Galilaeo (written 1616, printed 1622) Campanella defended Galileo’s freedom to pursue Copernican astronomy and held it compatible with Scripture. T. Campanella, Apologia pro Galilaeo (written 1616, printed Frankfurt 1622); SEP “Tommaso Campanella”
依据: AI 草稿
托马索·康帕内拉 › 1568–1639
托马斯·霍布斯
影响了
Hobbes visited Galileo in 1636 and, in the dedication of De Corpore (1655), praised him for opening the gate of natural philosophy through the nature of motion. T. Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Epistle Dedicatory; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679
皮埃尔·伽桑狄
影响了
Gassendi corresponded with Galileo and tested his principle of shared motion by dropping stones from a moving ship’s mast (On Motion Impressed by a Moving Mover, 1642). P. Gassendi, De motu impresso a motore translato (1642); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
依据: AI 草稿
皮埃尔·伽桑狄 › 1592–1655
艾萨克·牛顿
影响了
Newton credited Galileo with having used the first two laws of motion to find the law of fall and the parabolic path of projectiles (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638); SEP “Isaac Newton”
依据: AI 草稿
艾萨克·牛顿 › 1643–1727
批评
批评了 1
亚里士多德
批评了
Galileo argued against Aristotle’s physics – that heavier bodies fall faster and the heavens cannot change – in the Dialogue (1632) and Two New Sciences (1638). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi (1632), Day 1; Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche (1638), Day 1; SEP “Galileo Galilei”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
作品
- 1632关于两大世界体系的对话
哥白尼对托勒密——导致审判的那本书。
立场
Galileo showed how nature should be studied: by combining precise experiment with mathematical reasoning. The book of nature, he wrote, is written in the language of mathematics, in triangles, circles and other figures. He separated measurable “primary” qualities such as size, shape and motion from “secondary” ones such as colour and taste, which exist only in the perceiver. His laws of falling bodies and his principle of inertia overturned Aristotelian physics. In his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina he quoted a churchman, usually identified as Cardinal Baronius: the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. His conflict with the Church became the lasting emblem of the struggle between science and authority.
生平与背景
Born in Pisa in 1564, Galileo taught mathematics in Pisa and Padua. With a telescope he built in 1609 he discovered the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and mountains on the moon, and became court mathematician in Florence. His defence of Copernicus led to his trial by the Inquisition in 1633; he spent his last years under house arrest near Florence and died in 1642.
其他主要作品
- The Starry Messenger (1610)
- Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
- The Assayer (1623)
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
- Two New Sciences (1638)
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