弗朗西斯·培根
知识就是力量：科学应当从仔细的观察出发，逐步建立起一般规律，并清除那些蒙蔽心智的偏见。
定位
知识就是力量：归纳法，以及对蒙蔽心灵的“假象”的批判。
核心思想
- 归纳法
- 假象说
- 知识就是力量
影响
受影响于 3
德谟克利特
受其影响
Bacon praised the school of Democritus for dissecting nature rather than abstracting from it (New Organon, 1620) and discussed his atoms in On Principles and Origins (c. 1612). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620); De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Francis Bacon”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
德谟克利特 › 约公元前460—前370年年
尼科洛·马基雅维利
受其影响
In The Advancement of Learning (1605) Bacon wrote ‘we are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do’. F. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605), Book II; SEP “Francis Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
尼科洛·马基雅维利 › 1469–1527
贝尔纳迪诺·特莱西奥
受其影响
In On Principles and Origins (c. 1612) Bacon called Telesio ‘the first of the new men’ and discussed his heat and cold as principles revived from Parmenides. F. Bacon, De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Bernardino Telesio”
依据: AI 草稿
贝尔纳迪诺·特莱西奥 › 1509–1588
影响了 5
扬·阿姆斯·夸美纽斯
影响了
Comenius praised Bacon’s Instauratio magna in the preface to his Physicae synopsis (1633) and took up its programme of renewing natural philosophy from the senses. J. A. Comenius, Physicae ad lumen divinum reformandae synopsis (1633), preface; F. Bacon, Instauratio magna (1620)
依据: AI 草稿
扬·阿姆斯·夸美纽斯 › 1592–1670
约翰·洛克
影响了
Locke’s ‘historical, plain method’ of describing the mind’s ideas in the Essay (1689) follows the Baconian natural history practised in the early Royal Society, as P. Anstey argues. J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), Introduction; P. R. Anstey, John Locke and Natural Philosophy (2011); SEP “John Locke”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704
詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯
影响了
Vico counted Bacon among his ‘four authors’ and modelled his oration On the Study Methods of Our Time (1709) on Bacon’s survey of the advancement of learning. G. Vico, De nostri temporis studiorum ratione (1709); Vita scritta da se medesimo (1725–28); SEP “Giambattista Vico”
依据: AI 草稿
詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯 › 1668–1744
德尼·狄德罗
影响了
Diderot credited Bacon in the Encyclopédie’s Prospectus (1750) and arranged its system of knowledge after Bacon’s division into memory, reason and imagination. D. Diderot, Prospectus de l’Encyclopédie (1750); Encyclopédie I (1751), Système figuré des connaissances humaines; SEP “Denis Diderot”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
德尼·狄德罗 › 1713–1784
批评
批评了 1
亚里士多德
批评了
Bacon charged that Aristotle had corrupted natural philosophy with his dialectic, and set against the syllogism a method of gradual induction (Novum Organum, 1620, I.63). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620), I.11–14, I.54, I.63; SEP “Francis Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
作品
- 1620新工具
一种新的思维工具：以归纳代替三段论。
立场
Bacon called for a “great instauration”, a renewal of all knowledge. Knowledge is power: it should serve to improve human life by understanding and mastering nature. To achieve this, the old Aristotelian logic must be replaced by a new method, a careful induction that collects observations, compares cases and excludes false explanations step by step. Beforehand the mind must be cleared of its “idols” – the errors of the species, of the individual, of language and of philosophical systems. His utopia New Atlantis imagined a state-sponsored research institute. Bacon became the patron of the Royal Society and of empiricism.
生平与背景
Born in London in 1561, Francis Bacon studied at Cambridge and trained as a lawyer. Under James I he rose to Attorney General and in 1618 Lord Chancellor, becoming Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. In 1621 the House of Lords, sitting as the highest court, found him guilty of accepting gifts from litigants, a widespread custom among judges of the time; he confessed, was fined and removed from office. He devoted his remaining years to his scientific programme and died in 1626.
其他主要作品
- Essays (1597)
- The Advancement of Learning (1605)
- Novum Organum (1620)
- New Atlantis (1627)
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