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卡尔·施米特

1888–1985

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在施米特看来，政治归根结底是关于决定谁是朋友、谁是敌人，而真正的主权体现在悬置法律的权力之中。

定位

政治哲学与伦理学（20—21世纪） · 西欧 · 政治与法

“主权者就是决断例外状态的人”；敌友区分。

核心思想

  • 例外状态
  • 朋友与敌人
  • 政治神学

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影响

受影响于 4

  • 尼科洛·马基雅维利

    受其影响 ✓

    Schmitt began his history of dictatorship with Machiavelli, reading The Prince as a technical treatise on state power (Die Diktatur, 1921). C. Schmitt, Die Diktatur (1921); SEP “Carl Schmitt”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    尼科洛·马基雅维利 › 1469–1527

  • 弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚

    受其影响

    Schmitt read Vitoria’s Relectio de Indis (1539) as theology of a Christian order whose arguments nonetheless served the Spanish appropriation of land (Der Nomos der Erde, 1950). C. Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum (1950); F. de Vitoria, Relectio de Indis (1539)

    依据: AI 草稿

    弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚 › 约1483–1546年

  • 托马斯·霍布斯

    受其影响 ✓

    Schmitt took Hobbes’s ‘auctoritas, non veritas facit legem’ as the formula of decisionism (Politische Theologie, 1922) and later examined the Leviathan as a failed political symbol (1938). C. Schmitt, Politische Theologie (1922); Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes (1938); SEP “Carl Schmitt”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679

  • 马克斯·韦伯

    受其影响

    Schmitt, who heard Weber’s ‘Politik als Beruf’ in Munich (1919), made the plebiscitary Reich president, as Weber conceived him, guardian of the constitution (Der Hüter der Verfassung, 1931). C. Schmitt, Der Hüter der Verfassung (1931); M. Weber, “Der Reichspräsident” (1919); W. J. Mommsen, Max Weber und die deutsche Politik 1890–1920 (1959); SEP “Carl Schmitt”

    依据: AI 草稿

    马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920

影响了 3

  • 瓦尔特·本雅明

    影响了

    Benjamin drew on Schmitt’s Political Theology (1922) for sovereignty and the state of exception in Origin of the German Trauerspiel (1928), acknowledging the debt in a letter (1930). W. Benjamin, Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels (1928); letter to C. Schmitt (9 Dec. 1930); H. Bredekamp, “From Walter Benjamin to Carl Schmitt, via Thomas Hobbes”, Critical Inquiry 25 (1999)

    依据: AI 草稿

    瓦尔特·本雅明 › 1892–1940

  • 莱因哈特·科塞雷克

    影响了 ✓

    Koselleck, who saw Schmitt as a mentor, took up Schmitt’s account of the absolutist state as ending civil war, which Enlightenment critique then undermined (Kritik und Krise, 1959). R. Koselleck, Kritik und Krise (diss. Heidelberg 1954; publ. 1959); C. Schmitt, Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes (1938); R. Koselleck and C. Schmitt, Der Briefwechsel 1953–1983, ed. J. E. Dunkhase (2019); SEP “Carl Schmitt”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    莱因哈特·科塞雷克 › 1923–2006

  • 乔治·阿甘本

    影响了

    Agamben made Schmitt’s definition of the sovereign as he who decides on the exception the starting point of Homo Sacer’s first part (1995) and State of Exception (2003). G. Agamben, Homo sacer (1995); Stato di eccezione (2003); C. Schmitt, Politische Theologie (1922); SEP “Carl Schmitt”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    乔治·阿甘本 › 1942年生

批评

受批评于 1

  • 尤尔根·哈贝马斯

    受其批评

    Habermas objected that Schmitt’s decisionism dissolves the normative foundations of constitutional democracy (‘Die Schrecken der Autonomie. Carl Schmitt auf Englisch’, in Eine Art Schadensabwicklung, 1987). J. Habermas, “Die Schrecken der Autonomie. Carl Schmitt auf Englisch”, in Eine Art Schadensabwicklung (1987)

    依据: AI 草稿

    尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026

作品

立场

Schmitt’s thought starts from the limits of liberal legal order. “Sovereign is he who decides on the exception”: in an emergency it is not the norm that decides, but a will. In Political Theology he argued that the central concepts of modern political theory are secularised theological concepts. The Concept of the Political defines the political through the distinction between friend and enemy, which no economic or moral consensus can abolish; liberal parliamentarism, as endless discussion, fails to recognise this. Critics from Kelsen and Heller to Habermas hold that these ideas helped to hollow out the Weimar constitution; in 1932 he represented the Reich government against Prussia before the Staatsgerichtshof, and from 1933 he put his concepts at the service of the Nazi regime. Nevertheless, Schmitt remains an influential and contested reference for both the right and the left – from constitutional law to Agamben and Chantal Mouffe.

生平与背景

Schmitt was born in 1888 in Plettenberg, Westphalia, into a Catholic family and became one of the leading German jurists of the Weimar Republic, teaching in Bonn and Berlin. In 1933 he joined the NSDAP and justified the regime’s crimes, including the murders of 1934, until he lost his party posts in 1936. After 1945 he never taught again and lived in Plettenberg until 1985.

其他主要作品

  • Political Theology (1922)
  • The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (1923)
  • The Concept of the Political (1927)
  • Constitutional Theory (1928)
  • The Nomos of the Earth (1950)

出现在

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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